INNOVATION (Strategic alliances) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development (Strategic coalitions) - Essay Example In business, development can be characterized as the abuse of new thoughts that discover acknowledgment in the market. These thoughts, regularly, are consolidated into new procedures, innovation, best practices and structures (Sarkar 2007, p.2). A portion of these thoughts may wind up making a total upgrade an organization’s activity and scope of items. A large portion of the enhanced items depend on the thoughts of others or a change of existing items. In synopsis, development process includes; getting another thought or adjusting an old one, rearrangement of existing chances or those that can be advanced, decision of best other options and utilization of the procedure and the thought (Sarkar 2007, p.2). Development might be because of the need to address the issues of purchasers or improve the method of getting things done. Organizations that neglect to grasp development have frequently wound up left behind by their rivals, prompting the loss of their market specialty. The attention on the hypotheses of advancement fluctuates in light of the fact that there are various perspectives on the procedure of advancement and the components that lead to the improvement of development. The speculations may concentrate on; (a) mechanical turn of events, R&D and specialized research works in an organization, (b) the person who makes and builds up the new components, and (c) issues of advancement in the commercial center (Sundo 1998, p.4). It includes the trading of innovation between at least two organizations. Vital coalitions are portrayed by hazard sharing and common duty in regard to the accomplishment of determined financial and innovative objectives and targets. These unions will in general emerge from the eagerness and want of one firm to help the other in by and large advancement of the firm business or potentially misuse of certain mechanical resources portfolio. A model is the point at which the organizations in the collusion need to (a) structure a joint endeavor in research and dissemination, or (b) enter a joint improvement understanding, or (c) enter

May Day Celebration in New France free essay sample

Also, minor celebrations, primarily strict in character, were various, to such an extent that their recurrence even in the long periods of development was the subject of objection by the common specialists, who felt that these occasions took by and large an excessive amount of time from work. Sunday was a day of love as well as of diversion. Clad in his best attire, each one went to Mass, whatever the separation or the climate. The area church in reality was the symbol of town solidarity, for it assembled inside its dividers every Sunday morning all genders and ages and positions. The habitant didn't separate his religion from his work or his diversions; the outward signs of his confidence were not to his brain things of a different universe; the congregation and its ministers were the middle and soul of his little network. The entire wide open assembled about the congregation entryways after the administration while the capitaine de la cote, the nearby delegate of the intendant, read the pronouncements that had been sent to him from the seals of the forceful at the Chateau de St. We will compose a custom article test on May Day Celebration in New France or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Louis. That obligation over, there was a talkative trade of neighborhood tattle with a retailing of such news as had spilled through from France. The group at that point softened away in gatherings to spend the remainder of the day in games or moving or in agreeable visits of one family with another. Source

How Long Does Phenobarbital Stay in Your System

How Long Does Phenobarbital Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Long Does Phenobarbital Stay in Your System? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 13, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 16, 2020 Blend Media / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate typically prescribed to control seizures. In some circumstances, it is used in treating withdrawal and for other purposes.?? Knowing how it acts in your system and for how long can help you understand the precautions to take to avoid dangerous drug interactions and possible overdoses. How Phenobarbital Acts in Your System Phenobarbital can be administered as an injection, a liquid elixir, or tablets. Each has their own speed of taking effect and appropriate dosages. Tablets or elixirs begin to act in 30 to 60 minutes, and their duration lasts for 5 to 12 hours, depending on the dosage and individual metabolism.?? The plasma half-life of phenobarbital in adults is an average of about 79 hours and 110 hours in children. That means that only half of the active ingredients have stopped exerting their effect in that time. It takes five to six half-lives for drugs to be fully eliminated from your system. Phenobarbital is metabolized by the liver and excreted in the urine. It can be detected in the urine for up to 7 days after a dose.?? If you take a urine drug screen while on phenobarbital, it will likely test positive for barbiturates. Phenobarbital can interact with many prescription and nonprescription medications, supplements, and herbal products while it is in your system. It is important to talk to your doctor about all of your medications to avoid these interactions, including ones you might start or stop taking. Some drugs of special concern with phenobarbital include blood thinners, Antabuse, Vibramycin, Fulvicin, hormone replacement therapy, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, oral steroids, sedatives, sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and medications for anxiety, depression, pain, asthma, colds, allergies, and seizures.?? Dont drink alcohol while phenobarbital is in your system as it can worsen side effects. Phenobarbital can harm a fetus, so it shouldnt be used if you plan to become pregnant, and it shouldnt be used if you are breastfeeding.?? Birth control pills and other hormonal contraceptives may be less effective when you are taking phenobarbital, and you may need to use a different form of birth control. Take Phenobarbital Only as Prescribed One reason to know how long phenobarbital remains in your system is that it is addictive which means taking larger doses, taking it more often, or taking it longer than prescribed could increase the risk of addiction.?? Because phenobarbital can become habit-forming, you should not take the medication if you drink or have ever drunk large amounts of alcohol, used illicit drugs, or overused or used for nonmedical purposes any prescription medications. Dont Stop Taking Phenobarbital Suddenly Also, do not stop taking phenobarbital suddenly without consulting your healthcare provider. Stopping suddenly can cause you to experience withdrawal symptoms which can include:?? AnxietyMuscle twitchingUncontrollable shaking  of a part of the bodyWeaknessDizzinessChanges in visionNauseaVomitingSeizuresConfusionDifficulty falling asleep or staying asleepFainting If you wish to stop taking phenobarbital, your doctor will probably gradually decrease your dosage. Overdose Symptoms of phenobarbital overdose include heart failure, low blood pressure, weak pulse, uncontrollable movements of the eyes, loss of coordination,  drowsiness,  slowed breathing, confusion, delirium, headache, sleepiness, coma, and large blisters.?? If you think someone has had a phenobarbital overdose, call the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the person has collapsed or is not breathing, call 9-1-1 immediately.

Preference Travelling - 788 Words

Traveling Experiences Abstract This research studies the relationship between cognitive psychology best suited in studying human behavior and traveling as part of one of our social activities when choosing destination sets: rejection, preferences, behavior in the planning of a pleasure vacation, travel distance to take into consideration, and the possibility of hiring a travel agent to minimize local distances rather than total distance depends on our level of education and personality, how engaging traveling is to our cognitive behavior, and how it affects our states of consciousness will be important to our decisions we take vacations and travel, therefore, making this observational learning a lifetime experience. As we can†¦show more content†¦We have seen how cognitive psychology goes in tandem with psychoanalysis when taking decisions, in traveling, in order to rest and go out of the daily routine that we go through during our adulthood, and the gratifications that come with traveling as therapeutic way. Cognitive psychology has been incorporated to explain these concepts of psychoanalysis without acknowledging this influence. â€Å"Traveling, for instance, for the employees is a defense mechanism where personal conflicts, repressed wishes, wake up our state of consciousness and face those psychological disorders that will eventually fade away with a deserved vacation by travelling no matter how far it might be, (Freud Sismund, Defense Mechanism, late 19th century), in order to deal with neurotic anxiety, reality, and moral anxiety, tiredness, besides physiological problems that comes with putting off vacationing for too long when you work too hard. Participating in open-door activities is more rewarding to our cognitive functions than visiting or participating in traditional sports, or visiting a museum. Being outdoors enjoying natural attractions activated our brains and nervous systems, making us renew and positive in attitude. From a psychological standpoint, all these observational learning brought personal fulfillment as human interaction depends on our relationship to nature. Ankomah, P.K., Crompton, J.L., amp; Baker,Show MoreRelatedNostalgia Marketing3188 Words   |  13 Pagesnostalgia as â€Å"a preference (general liking, positive attitude, or favourable affect) toward objects (people, places, or things) that were more common (popular, fashionable, or widely circulated) when one was younger†, this means a special inclination for products and activities that by one reason or other cannot be commonly experienced or are not available any more. (Schindler and Holbrook, 2003) Holak and Havlena (1998) complement this definition by stating that nostalgia is not a preference for theseRead MoreA Study On Mode Choice Modeling1928 Words   |  8 PagesPij= evij / ∑ N n=1 evij †¢ Vij – utility function of mode j for individual i; †¢ Vin – utility function of any mode n in the choice set for an individual i; †¢ Pij – probability of individual i selecting mode j; and †¢ N– total number of available travelling modes in the choice set for individual i. Multinomial Probit Modal is similar to logit modal but the only difference between these modal lies in the assumption about the distribution of the error. In logit modal, it follows standard logistic distributionRead MoreConsumer Theory and Horizontal Axis45363 Words   |  182 Pagesadvertising budget would be represented by the integer values along a line segment that runs between the two points: (a) (3; 000; 3; 600) and (1; 800; 6; 000). 3. Bella s budget line for x and y depends on all of the following except: (c) her preferences between x and y. 4. Billy Bob wants to gain some weight so that he can play football. Billy eats only milkshakes and spinach. Milkshakes cost him $1 each and spinach costs $2 per serving. A milkshake has 850 calories and a serving of spinachRead MoreThe System Of Working Of Railways1521 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions. So basically my questionnaire is as following: Please tick the answer according to your response†¦ Q1. What is your preference mode of travel for your vacations? †¢ NZ Trains †¢ Own Car / Taxi †¢ Metro Q2. How frequently you travel for vacations? †¢ Once a month †¢ Once in a Quarter †¢ 2-3 times in every six months †¢ Once a year Q3. What’s your budget allocation for travelling? †¢ $ 10-20 †¢ $ 20-30 †¢ $ 30-50 †¢ $ 50-500 †¢ $ 500-1000 Q4. Circle the importance factor influence choosing mode of transportRead MoreA Study Of The Pos Of Tourism?902 Words   |  4 PagesThe above chart shows the average spending of tourists in the UK during their period of travel. Therefore, it can be said that the other economies of the world has been increasing their spending power while they are travelling and availing hospitality services in the UK. It can be proved by the spending pattern of Chinese tourists (Gardiner and Kwek, 2017). The economic base of United Kingdom is very strong that explains that the choice of the tourists for a hotel during length of stay. In accordanceRead MoreMedia Tourism Of Sherlock Holmes Museum1451 Words   |  6 PagesJ ,2000). The Sherlock Holmes Museum was built for the purpose of making money. At the beginning, the founder of the museum had a plan to develop the tourist industry. As a result, everything in this museum has been designed to match tourists’ preferences. I can provide a personal example. I visited the museum myself and read the letters that the museum has received from Sherlock Holmes fans. The museum staff told me that these fans wanted to write letters to Sherlock Holmes but have no true addressRead MoreTop Mobile Travel Apps to Plan Amazing Trips Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesThey can be your best travel guide whether you want to select any holiday spot, book hotels or flights, compare different travel deals, accommodations or attractions and much more. So, here we go— Flights With Friends—If you love the idea of travelling in a group (either family or friends), then this mobile travel app (www.FlightsWithFriends.com) is a must for you. It will provide a list of various travel choices before you on a single page including available flight hotel accommodations, travelRead MoreExternal Factors That Influence Tourism Development And Demand2684 Words   |  11 Pagesmarket in all the developed markets. This makes the senior travelers market a promising market for tourism marketers and managers both at present and in the future because they not only have increased disposable income, but also sufficient time for travelling (Jang Wu, 2006). The majority of these seniors are capable, both physically and financially, of going for vacation trips, and many of them have strong motivation to travel for pleasure. The tourism industry is highly vulnerable and the industryRead MoreEssay about Kinematics1733 Words   |  7 Pagesbring uniform acceleration . The change in velocity should stay the same. Sources of Error: The dynamics cart may not be travelling in a straight line. This travelling causes the velocity to change. This can happen because a straight track is not used. If the dynamics cart is not travelling straight, many other measurements can be affected. This is because if it is not travelling straight, the distance is changed as well as the time. It will take the dynamics cart longer to travel down the 2m boardRead MoreInternational Marketing1398 Words   |  6 PagesEast. The performed surveys through different questioners, including mail surveys, along with face-to-face interviews and numerous phone interviews, exclusively to Mayo Clinic policyholders. The face-to-face interviews focused on demographics, preferences, healthcare behavior, the Mayo brand awareness and the significance of Mayo Clinic coverage as a benefit. The phone surveys however focused mainly on brand awareness and the questions were completely differently structured. The questions were either

Mental Illness And Its Effects On People s Mood,...

Mental illness, a medical condition, are disorders that can affect people’s mood, thinking, and behavior. Many people don’t pay much attention to these disorders, because they are not familiar with psychiatric illness. Not paying attention to detecting and treating mental illness is an issue, because it can increase the risk of violence more than treated mentally ill people. For example, the failure to treat the ill can have dire consequences because it can increase the risk of mass shootings. Being able to recognize the signs of mental illness is important to help prevent incidents because most people are not informed well and don’t recognize the symptoms of mental illness on time, which can be very risky to the community. Although many crimes could be linked with mental health issues, not all mentally ill are dangerous. Although it is considered a myth by recent discoveries, many people believe that all mentally ill people are dangerous. The majority of people fear mentally ill people because they relate the mentally ill with school massacres and shootings. For example, when the Virginia Tech massacre happened many people started proposing gun policies to prohibit guns from people who had any sort of relation with mental illness for fear of another lose mad man. According to a survey a national public opinion survey that tested the public attitudes about mental illness, Overall and among People with and without Experience with Mental Illness, â€Å"Almost half of respondentsShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Multiple Personality Disorder773 Words   |  4 PagesAs an overview, schizophrenia is a brain mental disorder. A schizophrenic person has lost touch with reality. They may also experience hallucinations, delusions, hearing voices, seeing things that are not there.They may believe that other people are threatening to harm them. Sometimes they don t make any sense when they talk. The disorder makes it hard for them to keep a job or take care of themselves. The disorder usually starts in a person’s early twenties to late twenties, and it affects aboutRead MoreWhat Is Bipolar Disorder?1546 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes uncommon shifts in mood, energy, ability to perform daily routines and another terminology is â€Å"manic-depressive illness†. According to American Psychiatric Association â€Å"Bipolar diagnosed patients can lead full and productive lives†. This isn’t by any means harmful or threatening but can be well managed, controlled and yield positives because it can be treated. How Can Bipolar Behavior Be Recognized? An individual can be in one of the two unalike phasesRead MoreMental Disorders And Criminal Behavior1293 Words   |  6 Pages Running head: MENTAL DISORDERS CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Mental Disorders and Criminal Behavior Courtney Edwards Thomas University Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide information on the distinct types of mental illnesses as they correlate with criminal behavior. There are so many disorders in which exist in today’s society. These include: schizophrenia, delusional disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, and so much more. Through compulsive researchRead MorePsychological Trauma And Behavior Of The Cold Blood By Truman Capote1139 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Trauma and Behavior â€Å"In 1990, a landmark case went to trial in Redwood City, California. The defendant, George Franklin, Sr., 51 years old, stood trial for a murder that had occurred more than 20 years earlier. The victim, 8-year-old (Susan Kay Nason, was murdered on September 22, 1969). Franklin s daughter, Eileen, only 8 years old herself at the time of the murder, provided the major evidence against her father. What was unusual about the case is that Eileen s memory of witnessing theRead MoreModern Medicine, Traditional Medicine And Complementary And / Or Alternative Medicine1517 Words   |  7 Pages`Mental health has three types of treatments. Western Scientific Medicine, Traditional Medicine and Complementary and/or Alternative Medicine. Western Scientific Medicine Definition: A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Also allopathic medicine, biomedicine, conventional medicine, mainstream medicine, and orthodox medicine. Traditional Medicine Definition:Read MoreI Am A Mad Genius982 Words   |  4 Pagesgenius, and madness, or is it just a matter of chance? 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Mental health is something a normal, healthy functioning human being has whe n everything in their head is in order. A mental illness is theRead MoreMental Illness Is A Condition That Affects People s Behaviors, Moods, And Thinking1122 Words   |  5 PagesMental illness is a condition that affects people’s behaviors, moods, and thinking. There are many types of mental illnesses like anxiety, depression, dementia, and schizophrenia. 60 million Americans have a mental illness. Mental illness affects one out of four adults and one out of five children. Most mental illnesses can be helped with therapy or medicine, unfortunalty most cannot be cured. Most people with a mental illness do not seek treatment and live with this illness everyday of their livesRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For The Health Of A Nation? Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesbut does this mean we are healthy? What does it mean to measure the health of a nation? 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Marshall Williams, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately

Epoxy Resin Free Essays

string(37) " no diffraction peaks of GOFO at 10\." Epoxy resin is a type of thermosetting polymer, commercially available in different forms, has a wide range of application in aerospace, coating, electric insulation and marine application due to its outstanding performances, easy handling and low cost [1-5]. Epoxy high inner stress, brittle texture, inferior impact resistance, weak creep resistance and poor moisture resistance, limited its application in other industrial areas [6]. So, the epoxy was mixed with polymers[7], clays, metal [8], carbon nanotube [9], graphene[10], and graphene oxide[11] to overcome its limitations. We will write a custom essay sample on Epoxy Resin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphite derivative that produced through oxidation of graphite using various methods. Graphene oxide is a 2D sheet with oxygen functional at the surface (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxide) and (carboxyl) at its edge [12,13]. Graphene oxide is a promising material as polymer reinforcement, due to its high mechanical properties[14], excellent thermal stability[15], and good insulation properties [16]. Moreover, graphene oxide high surface area, high aspect ratio, excellent sheet flexibility, reactivity sites, and good dispersion in most common solvent favored its use a composites material for polymeric material. The Graphene oxide tends to improve the mechanical properties, thermal stability, insulator, and dielectric properties of the various commercial epoxy resin. However, Graphene oxide sheets tend to aggregate either by Van der Waals force or ?-? stacking interaction, which would decrease the improvement effects of graphene sheets in epoxy matrix [17]. Therefore, graphene oxide was modified either through covalent bonds or by ?-? interaction to reduce these aggregation phenomena and enhanced epoxy properties. For instance, Wan et al improved epoxy tensile strength and modulus by 75% and 15% through mixing epoxy with graphene oxide modified with DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A) [18].Also, Liu et al enhanced epoxy glass temperature and tensile strength by 26oC and 31% using grafted graphene oxide [5]. Sharmila et al prepared Graphene oxide modified with iron oxide nanoparticles, they epoxy composites shown improvements in the tensile, impact, and fracture strength [19]. Fluorinated polymer is polymer contain carbon-fluorine bonds and they has been applied in many domestic and industrial application due there excellent thermal stability, anti-chemical corrosion, weathering resistance, high dielectric conductivity, and low surface energy [20-22]. However, the high market price of the fluoropolymers and poor miscibility in epoxy resin restricted their applications [23]. Thermal stability, roughness, and corrosion resistance were improved for epoxy resin modified with a fluorinated polymer [24-27]. The fluorine atoms reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin and fluoropolymer, reducing the mechanical properties of the epoxy [28]. The grafting of the fluorinated polymer into carbon base material such as carbon nanotube, fluorinated graphene, and fluorinated graphite may combine the excellent properties of carbon base material and fluorine group’s properties. The miscibility was improved with enhancement of the mechanical properties, thermal stability, surface properties, and electric properties. Yang and coworkers grafted fluorinated polymer on reduced graphene oxide coated with dopamine. The modified graphene showed excellent dispersion in the ferroelectric polymer matrix with good high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss [29].Que et al modified epoxy resin (DGEBA) with trifluoromethyl containing polyimide structures. Compared with neat epoxy, they found that the modified epoxy shown better thermal stability with 18 to 55 % char yield at 800 0C, water contact angle (94.9–105.0 °), higher toughness, and lower water absorption (0.47–0.95 %). The tensile shear of modified epoxy was lower than the neat epoxy, the fluorine groups decreased epoxy surface energy which further reduced the adhesion strength compared with unmodified epoxy [7]. In this work, graphene oxide was modified with Hexadecafluoro (1, 10) decanediol through one-step reaction. Modified graphene oxide was mixed with epoxy resin in various loading. Then, the mechanical properties, thermal stability, water contact angle water uptake, and alkaline corrosion resistance were examined for epoxy composites. Results and Discussion:   The surface functionalization of GO was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. Fig. (1) shows the FTIR spectrum of GO and GOFO. For GO typical peaks were observed at 3390 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-OH), 1041 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-O), 1374 cm-1 (deformation vibration of C-OH), 1261 cm-1 and 877 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-O-C), and 1734cm-1 (stretching vibration of C=O). The peak at 1619 cm-1 is attributed to the skeletal vibration of the graphitic of GO [30]. After reaction with FO new peaks appeared. The peaks at 1178 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-F) [31], at 2966 cm-1 (bending stretching of C-H), and at 1441 cm-1 (stretching vibration of C-H) from the perfluoro compound. The peak at 1080 cm-1 was related to stretching vibration of ester bond C-O-C. These results indicated that FO was successfully grafted onto GO surface.The XRD patterns of Graphite, GO, and GOFO was shown in Fig. (2) and the interlayer distance was calculated using Bragg equation. Pristine graphite is shown a typical peak at 26.410 with an interlayer spacing of 0.337 nm [32]. This peak shifted to 11.020 (corresponding to an interlayer space of 0.802 nm) after graphite was oxidized to GO, that was due to the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups on a graphite oxide surface and water molecules trapped between the layers [33]. The functionalization of GO with FO shifted the peak from 11.020 to 10.080 (corresponding to an interlayer space of 0.676nm), suggested that GO was modified with FO. Another broad diffraction peak was observed at 22.760, which suggests the formation of few layers of reduced graphite oxide. To further study the structural differences between graphite, GO, and GOFO, the graphitic crystal size was calculated using Sheerer equation and the number of layers was calculated based on crystal size. Graphite had a large crystal size of 21.28nm with 63-64 graphene layers. After oxidation to GO, the crystal size decreased to 10.92nm and the number of layers decreased to 10-11 graphene layers. The crystal size of GOFO was 3.78nm with 5 -6 layers of the modified graphene sheet. In order to study the exfoliation of GOFO into the epoxy matrix, the XRD patterns of EGOFO composites and neat epoxy were investigated as shown in Fig. (3). For neat epoxy, two broads peaks centered at ?70 and ?180 were observed due to the amorphous nature of neat epoxy. All Epoxy composites show the same characteristic diffraction peak as neat epoxy and no diffraction peaks of GOFO at 10. You read "Epoxy Resin" in category "Papers"080 and 22.760 were observed [34]. That’s confirmed that GOFO was highly exfoliated into the epoxy matrix. Although, the highly exfoliated level of GOFO sheets in the epoxy matrix cannot represent a good dispersion was obtained in the epoxy composites [35]. The thermographic analysis in Fig. (4) represents the thermal stability of GO and GOFO under a nitrogen atmosphere. Graphene oxide shows 8.404% weight loss between 50 0C -100 0C, due to evaporation of residual water trapped between the layers. A significant weight loss of 29.53% was observed between 100 0C – 250 0C, that’s due to decomposition of labile oxygen functional groups to H2O, CO, and CO2 [22,10].Compared to GO, GOFO was more stable with 3.48% weight loss was observed between 50 0C -100 0C can be assigned to evaporate of residual water trapped between the layers, which was lower than GO. Between 100 0C – 250 0C, 8.18% weight loss was found due to decomposition of the reaming oxygen functional groups. Then, 12.44% weight loss was observed between 250 0C – 550 0C, that can be assigned to the decomposition of the bond between GO and perfluoro compound. In addition, compared with 48.59% weight loss at 700 0C for GO, GOFO undergoes 20.83% weight loss. The above data can be due to GO, bosses high amount of oxygenated functional groups, while GOFO possesses low oxygenated functional groups due to functionalization by FO. The above results confirmed that GOFO was more stable than GO.Raman spectroscopy was applied to explore the structural variations between GO and GOFO. Generally, the graphitic material shows two characteristic peaks, the G peak (~1575 cm?1) arises from first-order scattering of the E2g photon of sp2 C atoms and the D peak (~1350 cm?1) from a breathing mode of ?-point photons of A1g symmetry. Also, the intensity ratio ID/IG can be used to evaluate the graphitization degree of the graphitic material, the lower value represented a high degree of graphitization [30]. Fig. (5) shows Raman spectrum results of GO and GOFO. The G and D bands of GO were located at 1599.9 and 1357 cm-1 receptivity, as reported in previous reports [30,36,37]. After functionalization with FO, the G band was shifted to a lower wavelength at 1589 cm-1, no obvious changes were observed for the D band. In addition, the ID/IG intensity ratio of GO increases from 0.96 to 1.062 for GOFO. The changes in the intensity ratio imply that GOFO of graphene structure was restored, which can be due to the removal of oxygen functional groups. The GO and GOFO were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the results are shown in Fig. (5) and the elemental analysis is tabulated in Table (1). The GO broad spectrum shows two peaks at binding energies around 286.1 eV and 532.4 eV, which were assigned to C1s and O1s, respectively. The atomic composition of graphene oxide was obtained from XPS broad spectrum and revealed the presence of carbon (71.88%) and oxygen (28.12%). In contrast, the GOFO broad spectrum displayed three peaks at binding energies around 286.1 eV, 532.4 eV, and 686 eV, they can be assigned to C1s, O1s, and F1s respectively. The atomic composition of GOFO obtained from the broad spectrum shown the existence of carbon (71.66%), oxygen (27.34%), and fluorine (1%). The carbon-to-oxygen ratio increased from 1.6 for GO to 2.6 for GOFO, due to functionalization with FO. The C1s XPS spectrum of GO and GOFO are shown in Fig. (6). The C1s spectra can be decomposed into four characteristic peaks: C=C/C-C (non-oxygenated carbon, 284.5 eV), C-OH/C-O-C (hydroxyl, epoxy, and 286eV), C=O (carbonyl, 286.8 eV), and COOH (carboxyl, 288.9 eV) [38]. In comparison, the decomposed C1s spectrum of GOFO shows additional peaks at 287.02eV, 290 eV, and 292 eV, assigned to -C-O- (ether bond), C-F (fluorine), and C-F2 (fluorine) respectively[39]. As shown in Fig. (5), compared with XPS C1s spectrum of GO (Fig. (6)), the peak intestines of C-O and C-O-C were significantly decreased, new peaks appeared. The above results indicated the attachment of FO to graphene oxide surfaces via the reaction with hydroxyl groups of FO with C-O groups on the GO surfaces [40]. As shown in the SEM images of EGOFO composites, the GOFO sheets were well dispersed in the epoxy matrix. GOFO nano-sheets were surrounded tightly by epoxy resin, which indicates a good interfacial interaction between GOFO and the epoxy matrix. Such good interfacial bonding improves the stress transfer from the epoxy matrix to the GOFO nano-sheet and thus enhanced the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. However, due to the presence of incompatible fluorine groups on the GOFO, micro-voids can be observed and such voids could enhance crack initiation which leads to decrease the mechanical properties of epoxy composites[41]. SEM analysis of epoxy composites: The SEM images of epoxy and epoxy composites at fracture site after the tensile test are shown in Fig. (7). The images were used to examine the dispersion and the compatibility of GOFO in the epoxy matrix. Fig. (7a,b) shows neat epoxy exhibited relatively smooth surface with a river-like pattern in the fracture direction, confirmed the brittle nature of epoxy [42]. In contrast epoxy composites displayed rougher, fluctuant surfaces with GOFO nano-sheet pulled out of the epoxy matrix Fig. (7 c,e). Also, epoxy composites SEM images shown that GOFO nano-sheets were well dispersed in the epoxy matrix, a well interfacial interaction between the nano-sheets and epoxy composites Fig. (7 d,f). The good interfacial bonds can effectively transfer the stresses from the epoxy matrix to the GOFO nano-sheets and thus enhanced the mechanical properties of epoxy composites [41]. However, several micro-voids can be observed in all epoxy composites that can be due to the presence of fluorine groups. The low compatibility between the epoxy resin and fluorine groups caused the appearances of micro-voids. Cracks can initiate easily in the micro-voids, then spread through epoxy composites reducing epoxy composites strength. Mechanical properties of epoxy composites: Tensile test:The tensile test was conducted to investigate the effects of GOFO on the epoxy resin performance. Fig. (8) shows the stress-strain curves of neat and epoxy composites, and the results were summarized in table (2). The tensile modulus of pure epoxy was 471 MPa and its changes to 486 MPa (increased by 3.2 % with 0.1 wt. %), 507 MPa (increased by 7.6 % with 0.3wt. %), and 530 MPa (increased by 12.52 % with 0.5 wt. %). The highest tensile modulus was 12.52% compared to neat epoxy corresponding to 0.5% GOFO loading. The increase in the tensile modulus was due to the good dispersion and interfacial interaction between the GOFO and epoxy matrix. That’s led to the good transfer of stress from the matrix to GOFO sheets. However, the tensile strength decreased by 18.35%, 22.15%, and 20.25% with 0.1 wt. %, 0.3 wt. %, and 0.5 wt. %. GOFO loading. The formation of micro-voids between the GOFO sheets in the epoxy matrix due to incompatibility between GOFO sheet and epoxy system due to the presence of fluorine groups. Fracture test:  Ã‚  The effects of GOFO loading on the fracture properties are shown in Table (2) and the stress-strain curves of fracture analysis were shown in Fig. (9). EGOFO composites shown a battened in the fracture modulus and strength to those of neat epoxy upon different loading. The fracture modulus was 1510MPa for neat epoxy. With 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt. % loading of FO, the fracture modulus increased to 2340 ±17.61 MPa, 2324 ±73.5 MPa, and 2450 ±45 MPa respectively, these were 54.97, 53.84, and 62.85% respectively. However, for fracture strength, it’s behaved differently with increasing GOFO concentration. The fracture strength decreased by 13.12% with the addition of 0.1 wt.% GOFO loading and then increased to 13.61% and 16.98% with 0.3 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% GOFO loading respectively. The increase in the fracture modulus and strength can be attributed to improvement in the interfacial interaction between the GOFO and epoxy matrix. That’s allowed better load transfer from the epoxy matrix to the GOFO sheets, which increased both fracture modulus and strength. Thermal stability of epoxy composites:The Thermal stability of the GOFO nanocomposites was investigated by TGA as shown in Fig. (10) and Table (3).T10% and T50% are the temperature of sample weight loss reached 10% and 50 % respectively. Tdec is the sample decomposition temperature. All the specimens showed similar thermal degradation behavior with main weight loss between 3500C to 4500C. They exhibited different weight loss during the onset decomposition stages as shown in the enlarged window. The incorporation of GOFO significantly enhanced the thermal stability of epoxy composites in different trends. Epoxy composite 0.3 wt. % GOFO loading has a higher T5%, T50%, and Tdec compared with other epoxy composites. The T5% and T50% increased by ?13 and ?150C respectively based on pure epoxy. The Tdec increased by ?13 with the same loading compared to pure epoxy. According to the literate, there are two factors effects on the thermal stability of polymer composites: the formation of networks via covalent linkages between them and the crosslinking density [43,44]. The existence of the oxygen functional groups at the edge and the surface of the GOFO, can react with the epoxy resin and increased the crosslinking of the composites. The XRD data showed that GOFO doesn’t have a uniform crystal shape compared to graphite, that makes the GOFO has a poor thermal conductivity. Therefore, with good dispersion of GOFO, it will act as a barrier and reduce the thermal conductivity of the epoxy composites [44]. Water uptake epoxy composites:The influences of water absorbed by the polymeric material can be significantly reduced by incorporating nano-size fillers into polymers [45,46].The water uptake of neat epoxy and its composites filled with GOFO were shown in Fig. (11). The addition of GOFO nano-fillers significantly decreased the amount of water absorbed by epoxy composites. The water uptake by neat epoxy was 0.432%, which decreased to 0.317% , 0.304% , and 0.308% for epoxy composites with 0.1wt.% , 0.3wt.% , and 0.5 wt.% GOFO loading respectively. this phenomenon implied that the addition of nano-size sheet with high aspect ratio provided tortuous pathways for water molecules to enter the epoxy composites and acted as a barrier water transportation through epoxy composites [47]. Another reason can be due to the hydrophobic nature of fluorine groups on GOFO, which can immobilized water molecules and prevented it from diffusion in epoxy matrix[47]. The hydrophobic behavior of GOFO composites:Fig. (12). Shown the air/water contact angle of pure epoxy and its composites. The measurement was performed at room temperature with three repetitions for each sample. From Fig. (12), the incorporation of GOFO increased the contact angle of all epoxy composites. The contact angle increased from 68.70 o  ± 1.73 for the pure epoxy to 83.53 o  ± 1.13 for 0.1 wt. % GOFO, 98.65 o  ± 2.49 for 0.3 wt. % GOFO, and 89.22 o ± 0.70 for 0.5 wt. % GOFO. The changes in the contact angle indicate that epoxy composites show more hydrophobic effects compared to pure epoxy [48]. The GOFO tends to immigrate to the surface of epoxy, due to the low surface energy of the fluorine atoms. They altered the surface energy and increased the hydrophobicity of the epoxy surface. But, with 0.5 wt. % GOFO loading, the contact angle decreased to 89.22 o ± 0.70, the aggregated GOFO nano-sheet at the surface can slightly reduce the polarity of the surface and increased the effects of the reaming oxygenated function groups of the graphene sheet. How to cite Epoxy Resin, Papers

The Microprocessor Essays - Microprocessors, Microcomputers

The Microprocessor Microprocessors Evolution Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors ?clock? ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle. There are many different types of companies of which all have their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed from the architecture of the 900 minicomputer series (Titus, 178). There were five dif- ferent actual microprocessors that were designed in this family, they were the TMS9900, TMS9980A, TMS9981, TMS9985, and the TMS9940. The TMS9900 was the first of these microprocessors so the next four of the microprocessors where simply variations of the TMS9900 (Titus, 178). The 9900 series microprocessors runs with 64K memory and besides the fact that the 9900 is a 16-bit microprocessor, only 15 of the address memory circuits are in use (Titus, 179). The 16th address is used for the computer to distinguish between word and data functions (Titus, 179. The 9900 series microprocessors runs from 300 nanoseconds to 500 ns from 2MHz to 3.3MHz and even some variations of the original microprocessor where made to go up to 4MHz (Avtar, 115). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the LSI-11 which was pro- duced from the structural plans of the PDP-11 minicomputer family. There are three microprocessors in the LSI-11 family they are the LSI-11, LSI-11/2, and the much im- proved over the others is the LSI-11/32 (Titus, 131). The big difference between the LSI-11 family of microprocessors and other similar microprocessors of its kind is they have the instruction codes of a microcomputer but since the LSI-11 microprocessor originated from the PDP-11 family it is a multi-microprocessor (Avtar, 207). The fact that the LSI-11 microprocessor is a multi-microprocessor means that many other mi- croprocessors are used in conjunction with the LSI-11 to function properly (Avtar, 207). The LSI-11 microprocessor has a direct processing speed of 16-bit word and 7- bit data, however the improved LSI-11/22 can directly process 64-bit data (Titus, 131). The average time that the LSI-11 and LSI-11/2 process at are 380 nanoseconds, while the LSI-11/23 is clocked at 300 nanoseconds (Titus, 132). There are some great strengths that lie in the LSI-11 family, some of