The Global Financial Crisis Of 2007 / 8 - 2872 Words

BMAN20340 T Ngoasheng 9179260 Since the global financial crisis of 2007/8 many European countries have been struggling to recover their economies and regain economic stability. Since the crisis we have seen several Eurozone countries go into administration and be bailed out by financial institutions and other countries, however these attempts to regain stability in the Eurozone have not worked as effectively as many governments and central banks had hoped. On the 4th of September 2014 the European Central Bank (ECB) cut its benchmark interest rate to 0.05%. It will also launch an asset purchase programme, which will buy debt products from banks, the asset purchasing programme more commonly known as Quantitative Easing (QE). Using†¦show more content†¦This lead to the American government having to bail out many banks and the financial crisis spreading to other parts of the global economy such as the Eurozone. Due to the establishment of the European Union(EU) and its currency the Euro, many European coun tries became close financially intertwined through lending and borrowing from one another but also through the decline of trade barriers and companies setting up offices in many different countries within the area(Jarvis, 2014). Although countries in the EU have adopted the same currency and monetary policies, their fiscal policies differ. Some countries such as Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal already had quite a large amount of debt before the establishment of the EU and the 2007/8 Credit Crunch due to differences in Fiscal Policy countries views about taxation and government spending differed therefore these countries had a year on year government deficiet. When the credit crunch hit the eurozone many countries couldn’t pay one another back which saw the increase of countries having to be bailed out by financial institutions and other countries such as Germany which had very strict Fiscal policies in order to avoid economic collapse(Jarvis, 2014). These bail outs were onl y effective to a certain extent as quite a few countries within the eurozone are yet to fully recover from the 2007/8 Credit Crunch and it has in turn created a debt crisis

Francesca Da Rimini in the Divine Comedy - 680 Words

Jason Liu amp; Peter Lin English 11 Ms. Wan Sep 28 2014 Francesca da Rimini in The Divine Comedy In order to better understand Francesca’s role in The Divine Comedy, it is necessary to first understand her backstory and how Dante is able to identify her. In many ways those who are personally identified by Dante in the Inferno are there for specific reasons. Each fallen character plays the role of shedding light on a specific human emotion or vice that acts as a pitfall. Francesca’s pitfall was lust, and thus she is condemned to be blown around for all eternity in the gusts of the second circle of the Inferno. This symbolizes how the passions in life blew the condemned whichever way they went, no matter the†¦show more content†¦An interesting thought that Francesca uses is when she talks about Lancelot in a kind of comparison to her own situation. â€Å"Time and again our eyes were brought together by the book we read; our faces and paled. To the moment of one line alone we yielded†(132). Francesca ’s use of â€Å"flushed and paled† allows Dante to fully embrace the immerse passion that the lovers felt. It was not simply that they ‘wanted’ each other in a mental kind of way. They actually physically craved each other, which is painted by Francesca when speaks of the physical attributes. Francesca then describes her lover as â€Å"trembling,† which she once again is a physical reaction. Almost everything that Francesca describes to Dante is all in an inevitable physical reaction, rather than her subjective thoughts or intention. The two lovers could be likened to magnets, literally being pulled into on another. Although Francesca does not directly dwell on her demise, she does mention that her killer will be at an even deeper part in Hell, which seemingly means that she is still vengeful about the ordeal. Even in Hell, where her situation will never be changed, she cannot let go of world she used to live in. This is further emphasized in her ab ility to never let goShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Comedy By Dante Alighieri Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesDante Alighieri is known as one of the greatest Italian poets. One of Alighieri’s most famous works of art would be his poem called the Divine Comedy written in year 1320. The poem itself has a heavy Christian influence and it entails the journey of Dante, the protagonist as he travels through hell, purgatory and finally paradise. Additionally, the poem captures Dante’s journey as he gets closer to god. As Dante first enters Inferno, (also known as hell), he meets Virgil, who is not only his mentorRead MoreDeceit and Sexual Womens Sexual Sins in Dantes Inferno1536 Words   |  7 Pagesreflects a divine love sent by the purest of women, the Virgin Mary, and even asks Virgil to guide Dante through the hell. Her motivation is clear â€Å"It is I Beatrice, who send you to him I come from the blessed height for which I yearn. Love called me here. Canto 2 lines 70-73[ii] It is her love that provides Dante with the courage to move through Hell and onto the path of God’s light. In many ways, she is his personal savior. Divine, virginalRead MoreResponsibility to Others versus Individual Selfishness1745 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsible for others as well as others to the individual or is otherwise a loss. Throughout Dante’s The Divine Comedy 1: Hell and Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the idea of the responsibility to others versus an individual’s selfishness is a constant debate. In both Dante’s The Divine Comedy 1: Hell and Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the responsibility to others is something that is expected. In Dante’s The Divine Comedy 1: Hell, Dante is guided through Hell and learns how various sins are punished, the traitors beingRead MoreEssay on Rodins Study for Falling Man and The Kiss460 Words   |  2 Pagesthat of Michelangelo, whose works enthralled Rodin, as he wrote: â€Å"My liberation from academism was effected by Michelangelo.† Rodin’s The Kiss is a representation of the story of Paolo, the brother of Gianciotto, and Francesca, Gianciotto’s wife, in Dante’s book The Divine Comedy: Inferno. They fell in love while reading romances of courtly love and after exchanging their first kiss, Gianciotto caught them by surprise and stabbed them. Rodin being an impressionist created the sculpture in trueRead MoreDantes Francesca and Paolo: She Loves You, Yeah, Yeah, Yeah1430 Words   |  6 PagesDantes Francesca and Paolo: She Loves You, Yeah, Yeah, Yeah In Canto V of The Inferno, Dante offers what seems to be a sympathetic portrait of two medieval lovers caught and condemned after re-enacting a passionate scene from Arthurian Romance. A modern reader might well find the story of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta moving, especially when the narrator himself swoons with pity at the cantos end. It is true that in Dantes ethical scheme, the sin of Paolo and Francesca is not amongRead MoreThe Inferno : Depiction And Representation Of Women2519 Words   |  11 Pageswomen from the historical and literary western canon, Dante’s perception of women in The Divine Comedy can be seen as an underlying framework for further discussion about the consideration of women. What makes Dante’s dialogue even more germane is his use of women from both pagan and Christian epochs, endowed with key virtues of salvation, but closely linked to secular goals (Glenn, xiii-xiv). For The Divine Comedy, women act as both the initial force of inspiration and the final goal of the epic adventureRead MoreMovement and Stasis in the Divine Comedy Essay2889 Words   |  12 PagesMovement and Stasis : The use of dynamics in the Divine Comedy Movement is a crucial theme of the Divine Comedy. From the outset, we are confronted with the physicality of the lost Dante, wandering in the perilous dark wood. His movement within the strange place is confused and faltering; `Io non so ben ridir comio ventrai. Moreover, it is clear that the physical distress he is experiencing is the visible manifestation of the mental anguish the poet is suffering. The allegory of the imageRead MoreDante s Inferno, By Dante899 Words   |  4 PagesIn Dante’s Inferno, one chapter of three in Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy, the main protagonist of the poem, Dante frequently uses romance and love as one of the main themes to express his message and vision of Hell he portraits in the story. Dante’s Inferno is an epic poem about a recounting of Dante and his incredible journey through Hell and its many levels while he is being guided by Virgil. In the story, Hell is shown to have nine levels of suffering depending on what kin ds of sin you committedRead MoreHow Dante Achieves a Synthesis Between Narrative and Cultural Elements in His Writing1565 Words   |  6 Pagesprerequisites of the entrance to haven and therefore determines a virtuous pagans destiny for heaven over hell. As pointed out in Pagans in Paradise, the first issue to address when determining a virtuous pagans fate after death in Dantes Divine Comedy is the justification of Dantes separation of certain pagans into Limbo, instead of joining other pagans in the other circles of Hell. What makes these people virtuous? The most important requirement Dante has imposed on these people is sinlessnessRead MoreThe Great Divorce and The Divine Comedy3095 Words   |  13 PagesThe cultural impact of Dante’s Divine Comedy is widely seen through a sundry of literary works, television programs, films and even video games. Yet, one of the most prominent works the Divine Comedy has impacted is C.S. Lewis’s The Great Divorce. Lewis’s book is greatly indebted to Dante’s work, as both try to teach the reader how to achieve salvation. Furthermore, Lewis and Dante’s protagonists discover the path to salvation through choices, and learning what causes one’s refusal of God. Both authors

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Stud. Venue Seat 34 – 45 46 – 49 13 – 18 1 – 42 43 – 85 1 – 19 1 – 24 1 – 34 1 – 50 1 – 10 11 – 24 Total 12 4 6 42 43 19 24 34 50 10 14 12 1007/08 4 6 1007/08 1807/08 42 Level29 62 Level29 1007/08 L03 ISB41203 ITD21203 REUSE AND COMPONENTBASED DEVELOPMENT ASP. NET WEB PROGRAMMING MIIT MIIT L01 L01 24 2406/07 34 807/08 60 1805/06 2007/08 L02 Total 14 2007/08 383 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 7 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 09/05/2013 THURSDAY 5 Session 09:00 AM Code IBB42203 INB35403 INB47605 Name CRYPTOGRAPHY NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING Institute MIIT MIIT MIIT Group L01 L01 L01 Tot. Stud. Venue Seat 22 – 46 81 – 85 48 – 49 47 – 50 1 – 50 1 – 23 1 – 31 32 – 80 1 – 50 1 – 50 1 – 11 12 – 50 1 – 21 1 – 39 40 – 50 1 – 21 22 – 46 1 – 47 Total 25 5 2 4 50 23 31 49 50 50 11 39 21 39 11 21 25 47 25 807/08 5 Level29 56 2007/08 807/08 2404/05 ISB42603 ITD21103 ADVANCED PROGRAMMING VISUAL BASIC. NET PROGRAMMING MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L02 23 2005/06 31 Level29 49 Level29 111 1005/06 1007/08 805/06 WBB10102 TECHNOPRENEURSHIP MIIT L01 L02 60 805/06 807/08 WQD10203 TECHNICAL MATHEMATICS 2 MIIT L01 L02 39 1805/06 32 1805/06 1807/08 L04 L05 Total 25 1807/08 47 2007/08 503 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 8 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 09/05/2013 THURSDAY 6 Session 02:00 PM Code IBB12304 IFD20104 INB30503 ISB30503 Name ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS CCNA2: ROUTER CONFIGURATION ALGORITHM AND DATA STRUCTURES DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS Institute MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT Group L01 L01 L01 L01 Tot. Stud. 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Stud. Venue Seat 85 – 85 1 – 50 1 – 50 33 – 50 1 – 10 Total 1 50 50 18 10 51 Level29 1005/06 ITD22403 DATABASE SYSTEMS MIIT L01 78 2007/08 1805/06 2005/06 Total 12 02:00 PM IED12503 IED24203 IGB10503 IGB30702 IKB41103 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS COMPUTER PLATFORM ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2 STARTING UP A NEW VENTURE ADVANCED NETWORK SECURITY MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 Total 517 24 Level29 20 2007/08 9 805/06 60 – 83 29 – 48 13 – 21 35 – 59 1 – 34 24 20 9 25 34 5 Level29 34 Level29 112 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 16 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 13/05/2013 MONDAY 13 Session 09:00 AM Code ICB26303 Name INTRODUCTION TO ECOMMERCE SYSTEMS Institute MIIT Group L01 Tot. Stud. 6 Venue 805/ 06 1005/06 Seat 50 – 50 46 – 50 78 – 84 10 – 50 85 – 85 32 – 50 1-9 1 – 50 31 – 50 33 – 48 1-7 1 – 50 1 – 31 1 – 62 1 – 34 63 – 77 1 – 49 1 – 30 Total 1 5 7 41 1 19 9 50 20 16 7 50 31 62 34 15 49 30 ICB41503 IDD20103 E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORK MIIT MIIT L01 L01 7 Level29 42 2007/08 Level29 IEB20403 IFD20603 INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING NETWORK MANAGEMENT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 19 807/08 59 2007/08 2005/06 IFD30203 IGB12402 IGD10803 NETWORK SECURITY BUSINESS MATHEMATICS STATISTICS MIIT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L01 20 1807/08 16 2406/07 57 2404/05 1805/06 IKB20603 INB12604 INB23704 INB47402 INB47403 ISB23103 ADVANCE NETWORKING NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS LAN SWITCHING WIRELESS NETWORK WIRELESS NETWORK SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 31 807/08 62 Level29 34 1005/06 15 Level29 49 805/06 30 1807/08 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 17 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 13/05/2013 MONDAY 13 Session 09:00 AM Code ISB42303 Name SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Institute MIIT Group L01 Tot. Stud. Venue Seat 1 – 25 Total 25 25 2406/07 ITD12103 MIIT L01 57 2406/07 1007/08 26 – 32 1 – 50 35 – 45 8 – 50 7 50 11 43 L02 54 1005/06 2404/05 Total 14 02:00 PM ICB47503 IDB20203 IEB30503 IFD20203 IKB42003 INB10403 CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT OPERATING SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT OF IT RESOURCES FUNDAMENTALS OF VOICE AND DATA CABLING INCIDENT HANDLING AND RESPONSE DIGITAL SYSTEM MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 83 21 1005/06 50 1807/08 30 Level29 34 Level29 20 Level29 78 1007/08 1005/06 29 – 49 1 – 50 1 – 30 51 – 84 31 – 50 1 – 50 1 – 28 1 – 49 21 50 30 34 20 50 28 49 ITD32603 HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION MIIT L01 49 1805/06 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 18 of 27 Date : 16-A PR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 13/05/2013 MONDAY 14 Session 02:00 PM Code MPW1143 Name PENGAJIAN ISLAM Institute MIIT Group L01 Tot. Stud. Venue Seat 1-7 1 – 50 1 – 11 8 – 50 12 – 50 Total 7 50 11 43 39 57 805/06 2406/07 L02 54 2404/05 805/06 L03 Total 39 2404/05 432 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 19 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 14/05/2013 TUESDAY 15 Session 09:00 AM Code IBB31103 Name INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Institute MIIT Group L01 Tot. Stud. 9 Venue 1007/08 2007/08 Seat 47 – 47 43 – 50 19 – 42 35 – 46 Total 1 8 24 12 ICB10203 IEB30703 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION IMAGINATION AND CREATIVITY PROBLEM SOLVING DIGITAL ELECTRONICS MIIT MIIT L01 L01 24 2007/08 12 1007/08 IED12303 MIIT L01 L02 44 1807/08 47 2404/05 1807/08 1 – 44 1 – 41 45 – 50 42 – 50 1 – 50 1-8 9 – 41 1 – 50 1 – 18 42 – 45 1 – 29 30 – 34 46 – 46 44 41 6 9 50 8 33 50 18 4 29 5 1 IGD10202 PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MIIT L01 67 2404/05 2005/06 805/06 INB23103 INB48103 DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK MANAGEMENT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 33 805/06 68 1805/06 2007/08 MPW1153 MPW2143 PENDIDIKAN MORAL PENGAJIAN ISLAM MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L02 4 805/06 29 1007/08 5 1 343 1007/08 805/06 MPW2153 PENDIDIKAN MORAL MIIT L01 Total 16 02:00 PM UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 20 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 14/05/2013 TUESDAY 16 Session 02:00 PM Code IMB42003 INB24604 INB35503 ISB42503 Name WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WAN TECHNOLOGY INTERNET PROGRAMMING INTERNET PROGRAMMING Institute MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT Group L01 L01 L01 L01 L02 Tot. Stud. 1 Venue Level29 Seat 67 – 67 1 – 48 62 – 66 1 – 32 33 – 61 1 – 30 Total 1 48 5 32 29 30 48 1807/08 5 Level29 32 Level29 29 Level29 30 805/06 145 ITD31303 PHP WEB PROGRAMMING MIIT L01 Total UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 21 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 15/05/2013 WEDNESDAY 17 Session 09:00 AM Code IBB22203 ICB47203 IDB20103 IGB10003 IGB12202 IGB40102 INB35303 Name MICROCONTROLLER SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT COMPUTER NETWORKS ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 MATHEMATICS FOR TECHNOLOGIST 2 Institute MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT Group L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 Tot. Stud. Venue Seat 39 – 48 1 – 42 1 – 32 1 – 47 1 – 38 29 – 49 1 – 28 1 – 50 43 – 46 49 – 50 47 – 48 48 – 85 Total 10 42 32 47 38 21 28 50 4 2 2 38 10 2406/07 42 1007/08 32 807/08 47 Level29 38 2406/07 21 1805/06 78 1805/06 1807/08 TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION MIIT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP NETWORK SECURITY MIIT MPW1113 MPW1123 MPW2113 MPW2123 BAHASA KEBANGSAAN (A) BAHASA KEBANGSAAN B BAHASA KEBANGSAAN (A) BAHASA KEBANGSAAN (B) MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L01 L01 Total 4 2 2 1007/08 2406/07 1007/08 38 Level29 314 9 1807/08 18 02:00 PM IEB30903 IGD20203 INB34403 ISB37503 OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT MATHEMATICS FOR IT SYSTEM AND NETWORK PROGRAMMING REAL TIME AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L01 L01 42 – 50 1 – 41 1 – 60 1 – 49 9 41 60 49 41 1807/08 60 Level29 49 1805/06 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 22 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 15/05/2013 WEDNESDAY 18 Session 02:00 PM Code MPW2133 Name PENGAJIAN MALAYSIA Institute MIIT Group L01 Tot. Stud. Venue Seat 1 – 50 61 – 69 Total 50 9 59 1007/08 Level29 Total 218 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 23 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 16/05/2013 THURSDAY 19 Session 09:00 AM Code ICB42003 IGB10403 IGB13103 Name MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS DISCRETE MATHEMATICS FOR IT PRINCIPLE OF MARKETING Institute MIIT MIIT MIIT Group L01 L01 L01 Total Tot. Stud. Venue Seat 59 – 74 1 – 42 43 – 58 Total 16 42 16 16 Level29 42 Level29 16 Level29 74 8 1805/06 20 02:00 PM IBB11204 ICB10303 IKB42203 INB10303 INB24403 ISB41303 DIGITAL PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION TO EBUSINESS SECURE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT DIGITAL PRINCIPLES SYSTEM TOOLS AND ADMINISTRATION SOFTWARE TESTING MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT MIIT L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 L01 Total 36 – 43 37 – 58 1 – 48 1 – 35 1 – 36 59 – 77 8 22 48 35 36 19 22 Level29 48 1807/08 35 1805/06 36 Level29 19 Level29 168 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 24 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 17/05/2013 FRIDAY 21 Session 09:00 AM Code IFD20403 Name OPERATING SYSTEM Institute MIIT Group L01 Tot. Stud. Venue Seat 1 – 50 1 – 30 1 – 71 46 – 50 72 – 85 1 – 45 1 – 43 Total 50 30 71 5 14 45 43 80 2406/07 2404/05 IGB20303 IKB31003 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FOR IT CYBER FORENSICS MIIT MIIT L01 L01 1 Level29 19 1807/08 Level29 INB33103 ISB23303 TELECOMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE DESIGN MIIT MIIT L01 L01 Total 45 1807/08 43 1007/08 258 63 1805/06 1807/08 22 03:00 PM IFD21903 NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM MIIT L01 34 – 46 1 – 50 1 – 33 13 50 33 INB35705 MULTILAYER SWITCHING M IIT L01 Total 33 1805/06 96 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 25 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 03/06/2013 MONDAY 25 Session 09:00 AM Code IDP05303 Name KOREAN LANGUAGE BEGINNERS Institute MIIT Group L01 Total Tot. Stud. 7 7 Venue 2102 Seat 1-7 Total 7 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 26 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 04/06/2013 TUESDAY 27 Session 09:00 AM Code IDP01103 Name INTRODUCTION TO PC HARDWARE AND MAINTENANCE Institute MIIT Group L01 Tot. Stud. 7 Venue 2102 Seat 1-7 Total 7 Total 7 UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR Report ID : PQR004 Page : 27 of 27 Date : 16-APR-2013 04:02 PM Exam Schedule Final Semester January 2013 Date 05/06/2013 WEDNESDAY 29 Session 09:00 AM Code IDP02105 Name MATHEMATICS 1 Institute MIIT Group L01 Total Tot. Stud. 7 7 7 7 Venue 2102 Seat 1-7 Total 7 30 02:00 PM IDP05103 FUNDAMENTALS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION MIIT L01 Total 2102 1-7 7 How to cite New Example Final Exam Table, Papers

Changing Family Dynamics free essay sample

Modern North American culture prides itself in its inclusiveness and adaptability, yet it is prepared to accept that the definition of a family is no longer one of concrete wording? According the Andrew Cherlin, â€Å"Marriage has undergone a process of deinstitutionalization—a weakening of the social norms that define partners’ behaviour—over the past few decades (2004: 848). Studies in divorce, cohabitation, remarriage, and the legalization of gay and lesbian unions have proven that the nuclear family no longer consists of a man, woman, and a reasonable number of children. This literature review not only explores and distinguishes various factors discussed in pieces of work that influence North American society to embrace demographically diverse structures both also discusses the potential for a future resurfacing of the American Dream. Divorce and the Nuclear Family A nuclear family is commonly defined as a father, mother, and dependent children. This definition is being deconstructed by many factors, primarily through divorce. The introduction of no-fault unilateral divorce laws in North America forms the query of whether divorce rates were affected or not. According to Justin Wolfers (2006:1806), author of ‘Did Unilateral Divorce Laws Raise Divorce Rates? A Reconciliation and New Results’, both types of divorce, consensual and otherwise, form a particular number of divorces each year. These subcategories of divorce, however, do not comprise the amount of divorces that occur annually though the simple process of marital unsuitability. Andrew Cherlin (2005:36) writes that in the early 1900s, â€Å"about 10 percent of all marriages ended in divorce, and the figure rose to about one-third for marriages begun in 1950. But the rise was particularly sharp during the 1960s and 1970s, when the likelihood that a married couple would divorce increased substantially. † This threat of divorce may have been, in fact, what prevented young adults from getting married in the first place. Rather than marry with the fear of divorce, a sense of security can be established by remaining single for longer periods of time. The age at which many individuals first marry has increased and now rests between 25 and 30 years of age (Cherlin 2005:40). The rate of divorce has seemingly plateaued as of recently. However, this does not indicate that the introduction of no fault unilateral divorce laws did not impact the rates of divorce in any way. The chain-reaction caused by these laws is one that directly influences marriage. Marriages have become less frequent, and their decline unequivocally results in an analogous fall in the number of divorces (Rasul 2003:28). Andrew Cherlin (2004:849) discusses that the decrease in marriages has much to do with its deinstitutionalization process. North American society is adopting new methods of living as family units, such as cohabitation and remarriage. Cohabitation, Remarriage, and the Nuclear Family Cohabitation is the act of living, unmarried, with a partner. According to Cherlin, a large number of couples cohabitate as a replacement for marriage. However, a similar amount of these relationships dissolve within twenty-four months, suggesting that it is not a strong alternative for a marital union (2005:35). During the twentieth century, typical beliefs surrounding marriage were again changing. Having children, living together, and maintaining sexual relationships are all facets of life that were beginning to fit the social norms established (Cherlin 2005:40). Regarding the success of marriages associated with pre-marital cohabitation, indicators are not positive, as many unions fail shortly after being made legal (Rasul 2003:30). This being said, not all new marriages end in disaster. Remarriage is a new marriage to a new partner, and is an increasingly prevalent family structure in North American society. Following divorce, individuals who decide to marry again engage in remarriage. This type of marriage can involve parties who have children or who are childless. In the case that children are involved, step-families are created. As quoted by Godina in the review of, ‘Understanding Stepfamilies: Their Structure and Dynamics’, fellow writer, Grinwald, believes that, â€Å"by the year 2000 the stepfamily will be the predominant family structure in the United States and will actually outnumber the nuclear family† (Godina cited Grinwald 2001:318). This statement is in accordance with others, all supporting the conviction that stepfamilies are becoming an increasingly dominant family structure and that many children will be members of one in their lifetimes (Godina 2001:318). Individuals who do not remarry, or those who have not been previously married take on different family structures then those previously discussed. These forms are the single-parent household or a lone existence. Single Parents, Habitual Solitude, and the Nuclear Family Contrary to the nuclear family structure previously discussed are the family structures involving single parenthood and habitual solitude. There are two primary ways in which single-parent families are established, the first being through divorce. A divorced parent who has children and makes the decision not to remarry establishes themself as a single-parent family unit. The second way is through unwed pregnancy. This lifestyle is not only growing in popularity for couples alone, but it is also adopting a sense of normalcy to incorporate the birth of children. According to Cherlin, as cohabitation is generally seen as equivalent to marriage in modern North American society, many children that would at first be deemed illegitimate are in actuality, not. Rather, they are born of a cohabitating couple. (2004:849). The authors of, ‘Context and Inclusivity in Canada’s Evolving Definition of the Family’, Nicholas Bala and Rebecca Jaremko Bromwich concur with Cherlin’s hypothesis, stating that the increased number of children being raised by single parents can be explained not only by the increase in divorce rates and corresponding rise in couple separation and the births of children in cohabitating relationships rather than marriages (2002:148). For individuals who have no children and no existing desire to wed or cohabitate, there is the option of living by oneself. This lifestyle choice is also increasing in North American society, even if only for part of a person’s life. Achieving success and happiness are often considered common goals shared by the majority of North American society. For many, this means acquiring a post-secondary education and procuring an enjoyable, rewarding career. These two objectives, receiving an education and job position, are two things, according to Andrew Cherlin that young adults are completing before considering marriage (2004:852). Stefan Buzar, Philip E. Ogden, and Ray Hall’s article titled, ‘Households matter: the quiet demography of urban transformation’, is in accordance with Cherlin’s report, stating that the new trends being discovered in family demographics include evidence supporting the idea that not only are the traditions surrounding marriage devolving, but marriage itself is changing and is often being put off by adults (2005:416). Not only are members of North American society delaying marriage, but some are assuming roles in an entirely different form of marriage than that historically accepted. This form is that of same-sex relationships. Homosexuality and the Nuclear Family Once prohibited, same-sex unions are no longer a thing of the past, as the lesbian-gay community has received and is continuing to receive support from North American society regarding both marriage legalization and lifestyle recognition (Bala and Bromwich 2002:148). This statement is in agreement with Cherlin’s article, ‘The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage’, in which he discusses how the deinstitutionalization of marriage was influenced not only by the acceptance of lifestyles such as cohabitation and non-marital conception, but also by the window of opportunity the aforementioned factors created for same-sex relationships to emerge as a new lifestyle choice (2004:852). Same-sex unions, which are now accepted in many countries including Canada and a number of American States is the newest addition to the breakdown of marriage as an institution, yet despite its unspoken level of normalcy, organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church do not view it in positive light. In fact, â€Å"in January 2001, the Vatican released a document attacking homosexual unions as ‘a deplorable distortion’, signifying ‘a serious sign of the contemporary breakdown in the moral conscience† (Bala and Bromwich 2002:165). The disdain towards same-sex partnership however, is not seen in all religious communities. Similar to legal institutions, they too are slowly changing their perspectives on gay and lesbian marriages. The shift from, at one point in time, displaying no support for same-sex unions whatsoever to showing an increasing amount annually suggests that there is new hope for the diversity of family demographics. The Future of Family Structures The out-dated, seemingly archaic beliefs that a family is comprised of a man, woman, and their dependent children is now steadily being replaced in North American society by the ideology that a family unit can consist of a number of combinations of men, women, and children. From single parents with children to large step-families and from gay and lesbian couples to habitually single individuals, the information and knowledge discussed in this literature review is purposed to open the eyes of North American society and equip them with the ability to readily accept the new and more diverse family structures mentioned and prepare society for the new definition of family. As discussed in Andrew Cherlin’s article, the future of the North American family structure cannot be determined exactly. Rather, it can be hypothesised that family demographics will continue to change and create more diverse structures, or the demographics will revert to the way they were during the era of the American Dream (2004:858). Studying family demographics and the factors that influence their changes is important to society because in order to be fully accepting of new family forms, the North American society must first understand them. In fact, Jean M. Lynch states in her article, ‘Considerations of Family Structure and Gender Composition: The Lesbian and Gay Stepfamily’ that, â€Å"the study of alternative family forms as unique and a recognition of distinct challenges and strengths is of paramount importance in expanding the family studies research,† (2000:94). North American society is becoming increasingly inclusive of multifaceted family forms. Factors mentioned in this literature review such as divorce, remarriage, single parenting, are continuously impacting demographics concerning family diversity. The iteration of defining a contemporary North American family has, and likely will continue to change over the years. However, in continuing to accept a variety of family structures, North American societies will move forward demographically, and therefore promote further development of the family structure. References Bala, Nicholas. , and Rebecca Jaremko Bromwich. 2002. â€Å"Context and Inclusivity in Canada’s Evolving Definition of the Family. † International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 16(2):148 Buzar, Stefan, Philip E. Ogden, and Ray Hall. 2005. Households matter: the quiet demography of urban transformation. † Progress in Human Geography 29(4): 416. Cherlin, Andrew J. 2005. â€Å"American Marriage in the Early Twenty-First Century. † The Future of Children 15(2):33-55 Cherlin, Andrew J. 2004. â€Å"The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage. † Journal of Marriage and Family 66(4):849 Cherlin, Andrew J. 2010. â€Å"Demographic Trends in the United States: A Review of Research in the 2000s. † Journal of Marriage and Family 72(3):409 Godina, E. 2001. Review of Understanding Stepfamilies: Their Structure and Dynamics. Edited by Craig A. Everett. Journal of Biosocial Science 33(2):317-318 Lynch, Jean. 2000. â€Å"Considerations of Family Structure and Gender Composition: The Lesbian and Gay Stepfamily. † Journal of Homosexuality 40(2):81-95 Rasul, Imran. 2003. â€Å"The Impact of Divorce Laws on Marriage. † Department of Business, University of Chicago and CEPR, Chicago, Illinois. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved 4 November 2011 http://www. cepr. org/meets/wkcn/3/3519/papers/Rasul. pdf Wolfers, Justin. 2006. â€Å"Did Unilateral Divorce Laws Raise Divorce Rates? A Reconciliation and New Results. † The American Economic Review 96(5):1806, 1814.

Macbeth Mental Illness Paper free essay sample

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both show signs of what would today be diagnosed as symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is defined as â€Å"long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation†. There are three major symptoms of this disorder: not knowing the difference between reality and fantasy, jumbled conversations, and withdrawal physically and emotionally. The most common and most well known symptom of schizophrenics is when they can’t make out what is real and what isn’t. Schizophrenics suffer from delusions and hallucinations. A delusion is ‘belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite being contradicted by what is generally accepted as reality or rational argument, typically a symptom of mental disorder’. A hallucination is seeing or hearing something is isn’t really there. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Mental Illness Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some people diagnosed as schizophrenic speak with rambling conversations. They often burst out with vague statements. Lastly, some schizophrenics withdraw emotionally, for example, their outlook on life is dead and show little care for the world. They withdraw physically, for example, their movements become robot like and really jerky. What causes people to become schizophrenic? One possibility, in Macbeth and Lady macbeth’s case is guilt. Macbeth, in trying to become king, kills some people he he was so loyal to. He really didn’t want to kill anyone but he knew that in order to become king he had to. He said to his wife, â€Å"We will proceed no futher in this business: He hath honored me of late. (Act 1, Scene 7, Lines 31-32). When Lady Macbeth finds that Macbeth has been prophesized to be king, she doesn’t believe he is capable of fufilling the prophecy alone. So, she says to herseld, â€Å"hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tounge which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to have thee crowned withal. † (Act 1, scene 5, lines 23-28) Macbeth becomes so passionate about becoming king that he killed anyone who could possibly take the throne away from him, even King Duncan. â€Å" I have done the deed†, he said to his wife after killing him. Act 2, Scene 4, line 14) Macbeth shows several symptoms of schizophrenia. These symptoms are techniques that Shakespeare uses to create the idea that Macbeth actually has a mental illness. Macbeth’s main symptom is detachment from reality. While contemplating killing Banquo to secure his fate, Macbeth begins to see an imaginary dagger in front of him. He asks, â€Å"Art thou not, fatal v ision sensible to feeling as to sight, or art thou a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-opposed brain? † (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 35-39). Then after Banquo is dead, Macbeth believe he sees his ghost during dinner with the county’s nobility. Macbeth says, â€Å"The table’s full† (Act 3, Scene 4, line 46). Lennox points to the seat where Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost sitting and tells him that it is empty. Confused, Macbeth asks, â€Å"Where? † (Act 3, Scene 4, line 48). He really thought that Banquo’s ghost was sitting in that seat. When Macbeth went to visit the witches, he had three more hallucinations. The first was an armed head that warned him to â€Å"Beware of MacDuff† (Act 4, Scene 1, line 71). The second was a bloody child that said â€Å"Macbeth! † ( Act 4, scene 1, line 77) three times and the third was a crowned child with a tree in his hand and said, â€Å" Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him. † (Act 4, scene 1, lines 92-94). Lady Macbeth also displays many signs of schizophrenia in Macbeth. Because of all the murdering that she has been involved in, at night time, Lady Macbeth has hallucinations that her hands are covered in blood and that she cannot remove the smell of the blood. â€Å"Here’s the smell of the blood still.

President Andrew Johnson essays

President Andrew Johnson essays It is said that President Andrew Johnson was one of the worst presidents in American History, being the first of only two presidents to have been impeached by the House of Representatives. But was the impeachment of Andrew Johnson justified? Andrew Johnson was proof that anyone has a chance at making it in life, regardless of your families status or wealth. Born in Raleigh, North Carolina to nearly illiterate parents, Johnsons dad died when he was very young leaving his mother to support him and his brother. At the age of 14 Johnson and his brother were working as apprentices for the local tailor. After moving to Greeneville, Tennessee in 1827 he opened his own tailor shop. (www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com) Johnson became very involved in politics. In 1829 he was elected to his town council, and as mayor in 1831. He spent time on the Tennessee state legislature, until he was elected to congress in 1843. Johnson was elected to the US senate in 1857 to represent Tennessee. (www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com) During the Civil war Johnson did not return to the south, instead he stayed and joined the republicans. In 1862, Lincoln named him the states military governor. Abraham Lincoln chose Johnson as his vice-presidential running mate in the election of 1864. When president Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, Johnson was sworn in as the new president. (www.crf-usa.org) While Johnson was president he came up with a plan to reconstruct the south and readmit them into the Union. During the elections for the new southern government representatives the black freed men were not allowed to vote, Johnson agreed with this saying It would breed a war of races(www.crf-usa.org) In December when the congress met they were outraged that the men who had played large parts in leading the rebellion were once again in the power of the South. Making matters worse the southern governments were making ...

Immunizations are safe for children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Immunizations are safe for children - Essay Example Going by the first definition of safety, there is no immunization that is safe. According to Baggs, Gee, Lewis et al. (2011), in vaccines are generally safe and effective even though they may be associated with rare and long term adverse effects. Apart from these potential long term effects, a majority of them cause pain, tenderness or even redness during injection. For instant the pertussis (or whooping cough) vaccine can cause persistent, inconsolable crying, high fever or seizures connected to fever. Though some of these side effects can be severe, they are not permanent (Offit 2013). In real sense, no activity in this world is 100 percent safe, and most of the things considered safe do possess hidden danger. For instance in the United States, 350 people die from shower or bathroom related accidents, 200 people get killed due to food getting stuck in the wind pipe and 100 people die due to lightening strikes every year (Offit 2013). Despite these risks, very few people consider taking a bath, eating food or walking outside in the rain as dangerous activities (Offit 2013). The other definition of safety is hinged upon preserving from real danger. Going by this definition, the danger (infection or disease) is leads to a graver consequence as compared to the protective measure (vaccine) against the danger. In other words, the benefits of having an immunization are clearly greater than the risks of not having one (Offit 2013). Baggs, Gee, Lewis et al. (2011) note that the safety of vaccines is assured by the rigorous assessments they are subjected to during their pre -licensing clinical trials. To better examine the safety of immunization for children, benefits of immunization must be looked into. One of the best ways to protect children is through immunization as this has the ability to protect their lives against ailments that are associated

Promotional Practice Report (Developing Marketing Communications) Essay

Promotional Practice Report (Developing Marketing Communications) - Essay Example In this Promotional Practice Report, I will mainly focus on the campaigns of the launch of Xbox 1. Through the authenticity of the ads, to massive 75 cities experiential tour, to social campaigns that encourage their participation, to creative media executions that let fans become directly involved – we are inviting the world to celebrate the launch of Xbox One and it’s an invitation to a new generation of games and entertainment. And it showcases experiences that only Xbox One can deliver.† Said Robert Matthews, General Manager of Consumer Marketing, Xbox (Xbox One Launches Invitation to the world, 2013). SMART is a guide how to set a valuable objective. Each letter in SMART refers to a different meaning included Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Timely. Microsoft did a great job about specific in the Xbox 1 campaign objective. It concerned about all the fans of Xbox should be involved, advertising over the world and 75 cities experiential tour, and the reason is to celebrate the launch of Xbox 1. Furthermore, it has to let people know the gaming and entertainment experiences can only be delivering by Xbox 1. However, it is not measureable and timely due to the objective does not mention about how many people should be involved within a specific time (Stross, 2005). DRIP is use to influence audiences by four different ways (Differentiate, Reinforce, Inform and Persuade) to differentiate or enhance the competitive of the product (Jill, 2009, p. 9). According to the campaign objective; it tries to reinforce people will have a new generation of games and entertainment that they have never experienced before by Xbox 1. The target audience for the new Xbox product will depend on different segmentation variables such as gender, buying situation, socio-economic group, race, age, geographical location, occupation, and ethnic group. Further, it also depends on early majority users,

Cramond Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cramond Report - Essay Example The numbers on the west side the causeways were not too much lower than the numbers on the east side of the causeway. However, the numbers on the west side of the causeway were noticeably lower than the numbers on the Eastside the caused way the researchers expected to find the numbers to be almost identical as they were on Wednesday and Friday for the Eastside the causeway. On the west side the causeway for Wednesday the mean was 20.0, and on Friday the mean for the west side of the causeway was 25.2. This is something that the researchers did not expect finds. The number of animals in the causeway increased slightly between Wednesday and Friday. The possible reason for the unexpected finding on the west side the causeway between Wednesday and Friday is that the salinity on the west side of the causeway was in incubation on Wednesday, and by Friday the salinity had hatched leaving more salinity in the causeway for the researchers to count. The difference the researchers found in hav ing slight variations in the numbers between the west side of the causeway and the Eastside the causeway could be, because the temperatures are warmer on the east side of the causeway, then they are on the west side the causeway.

State Bank of Patiala Analysis

State Bank of Patiala Analysis State Bank of Patiala is a public sector bank in India with its headquarters at Patiala, a city in the state of Punjab. The bank is an associate of the State Bank Group and offers core banking solutions to its customers. State Bank of Patiala (SBP) was established in 1917 by the king of the then princely state of Patiala. It was then called Patiala State Bank. After independence in 1947, the bank became a subsidiary of the state government of Punjab. In 1960, it became an associate bank of the State Bank Group. With the nationalization of the State Bank Group in 1969, SBOP became a public sector bank. The State Bank of Patiala has identified specialized segments and designed varied products to meet the needs of such segments. The segments are for the purposes are as follow: Personal banking Agriculture rural banking NRI banking SME corporate banking Government banking Internet banking Mobile banking The bank has now added a golden chapter to its history by fully networking all its branches on Core Banking Solutions on 08.08.2005 and become the first fully networked Public Sector Bank in the country. Bank distribute through As far as the distribution channel of products and services of the bank is concerned, I have come to know that state bank of Patiala has mostly indirect channels of distribution of its products and services but direct channels also to some extent. The bank is having various tie ups with many companies for the distribution of its products. If the loan section is taken bank maximum use its indirect channel for the distribution of the products which are as follow:- Scheme for Financing of Commercial Vehicles under Tie-up with:- Ashok Leyland Limited Eicher Motors Limited Force Motors Limited Tata Motors Limited Maruti udhyog ltd. Mahindra motors Scheme for finance of Motor Cycles and Scooters under Tie-up with:- Hero Honda Motors Limited: Scheme for extending facilities to Franchisee outlets in the form of Bank Guarantee/Term Loan. Monte Carlo Cotton County Bank is also under the Tata nano special financing scheme with the Tata motors. Moreover the bank is in the MOU for loan to the students of the Frankfinn Aviation Services Ltd. which will ensure 100 per cent financing of the tuition fee of its students for the one-year courses in aviation crew and hospitality and travel industry. Moreover for the NRI banking bank is having again indirect distribution channel and having various tie ups with: Thomas cook money transfer Wall Street money exchange Western union money transfer SBOP has also various tie ups with foreign banks for the transfer of funds, currency etc  . The SBOP also provides the various services like insurance, mutual funds etc. and for its distribution the bank is having SBI- life, oriental insurance ltd, SBI- mutual funds SBI- card etc. As far as direct channels are concerned bank used the internet banking and mobile banking for its distribution of the products. Why SBOP use indirect channel so Now the next thing arises that why SBOP mostly use the indirect channel. As it is known that there are mainly two channels of marketing which are: Direct Channel A direct distribution channel is where a company sells their products direct to consumers. Indirect Channel The indirect channel is used by companies who do not sell their goods directly to consumers. But the direct channel has one major drawback i.e. characteristically present in conventional retailing which means it doesnt allow any options. Moreover, although direct selling saves channel costs, commission paid to as high as 30-35% of retail price. Also recruiting training motivating and retaining good sale people is difficult and expensive task. For direct selling face-to-face interaction must be capable of producing a significant value addition to the consumer, compared to be purchasing from retail shop. Finally channel becomes fail when circumstances changes. So in order to overcome from all these problems bank mostly uses the indirect channels of distribution. Moreover Suppliers and manufacturers typically use indirect channels because they exist early in the supply chain. Companies choose the indirect channel best suited for their product to obtain the best market share; it also allows them to focus on producing their goods. So in nutshell it would be suggested to bank that the bank should try to use direct channels in more terms because while direct channels were not popular many years ago, the Internet has greatly increased the use of direct channels. Additionally, companies needing to cut costs may use direct channels to avoid middlemen markups on their products. Depending on the industry and product, direct distribution channels have become more prevalent due to the Internet. Like in present scenario everyone use the internet for any sort of information so now the days banks are concentrating more upon direct channels rather to distribute indirectly. SBOP is also doing the same.

Essay on The Holy Bible - The Nature of God in Genesis -- Holy Bible G

The Nature of God in Genesis  Ã‚   The depiction of God in the Bible’s story of creation, namely Genesis, brings to mind the image of an omnipotent, almighty and all-powerful child playing in a sandbox. Like a child his sole purpose seems to be to simply amuse himself, and possibly acquire a source of unconditional love. These needs are in contrast to the classic view of God acting with the idea of an ultimate plan. His actions clearly show that there is no perfect plan, or if there is it must be grossly overcomplicated. Consistently God makes poor decisions, and then eventually acts to fix the situation. The whole scenario conjures up an image of the crew of Apollo 13, alternately breaking things and then patching it together with duck tape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   God’s initial idea was a good one. He was alone in the void. Either out of boredom or perhaps out of a need to have someone else to confirm his greatness, he creates the Earth, plants, animals and most important (both for the sake of this argument and in God’s own mind) mankind. By design, man is supposed to be ignorant. So, for a time, God is happy and he has a source of praise. This is a rather mundane existence, however. As any kid will tell you, the game is no fun if you know you are going to win. Sure, it’s amusing for a while, but in the long run what the hell good is it? The game, in this case, is life, namely God’s life. (If that concept strikes you as odd, feel free to call it God’s existence) In any case, God makes sure there is temptation for man. It’s no accident that Adam and Eve have been made to live in close proximity to the one thing that is forbidden to them, the tree of knowledge. God wants his children to not o... ...en dominion over animals, which is completely different. Dominion would mean that mankind were the keepers of animals, looking after them essentially. With Noah, God specifically says that the animals will fear man, and they will provide mankind with food. Once again, this forces us to ask why God didn’t just do this in the first place, with Adam? Once again this indicates not a plan on the part of God, but more like him throwing things together on the fly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If God does have a plan, it seems to hold mankind’s welfare in little regard. A great example of this is the tower of Babel, where God willfully acts to destroy the clear progress of man. If God is not interested in mankind’s evolution, then it seems very clear to me that we should have as little to do with him as possible. It appears to be working so far.    Essay on The Holy Bible - The Nature of God in Genesis -- Holy Bible G The Nature of God in Genesis  Ã‚   The depiction of God in the Bible’s story of creation, namely Genesis, brings to mind the image of an omnipotent, almighty and all-powerful child playing in a sandbox. Like a child his sole purpose seems to be to simply amuse himself, and possibly acquire a source of unconditional love. These needs are in contrast to the classic view of God acting with the idea of an ultimate plan. His actions clearly show that there is no perfect plan, or if there is it must be grossly overcomplicated. Consistently God makes poor decisions, and then eventually acts to fix the situation. The whole scenario conjures up an image of the crew of Apollo 13, alternately breaking things and then patching it together with duck tape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   God’s initial idea was a good one. He was alone in the void. Either out of boredom or perhaps out of a need to have someone else to confirm his greatness, he creates the Earth, plants, animals and most important (both for the sake of this argument and in God’s own mind) mankind. By design, man is supposed to be ignorant. So, for a time, God is happy and he has a source of praise. This is a rather mundane existence, however. As any kid will tell you, the game is no fun if you know you are going to win. Sure, it’s amusing for a while, but in the long run what the hell good is it? The game, in this case, is life, namely God’s life. (If that concept strikes you as odd, feel free to call it God’s existence) In any case, God makes sure there is temptation for man. It’s no accident that Adam and Eve have been made to live in close proximity to the one thing that is forbidden to them, the tree of knowledge. God wants his children to not o... ...en dominion over animals, which is completely different. Dominion would mean that mankind were the keepers of animals, looking after them essentially. With Noah, God specifically says that the animals will fear man, and they will provide mankind with food. Once again, this forces us to ask why God didn’t just do this in the first place, with Adam? Once again this indicates not a plan on the part of God, but more like him throwing things together on the fly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If God does have a plan, it seems to hold mankind’s welfare in little regard. A great example of this is the tower of Babel, where God willfully acts to destroy the clear progress of man. If God is not interested in mankind’s evolution, then it seems very clear to me that we should have as little to do with him as possible. It appears to be working so far.   

Media Systems in China and the Us

The world is filled with many diverse media systems. These media systems are built on many elements from cultural characteristics to media content. China, for instance has very distinct news reporting guidelines and regulations that affect the media content. In the United States media regulations affect what media we are exposed to and the news reporting that is present. These two media systems have some similarities but they differ greatly from each other in the way and extent that their media is regulated and by the way their news is reported and by who reports the news.The United States has a very vibrant media system with many choices for consumers. The US is about 9. 7 million square kilometers with 278 million people. The most common languages spoken are English and Spanish. Out of the 278 million people, 97% are literate. The country is run by a democratic government and the president is Barack Obama. One of the most important parts of the US is the information system. It is o ne of the most quickly growing sectors of the economy and it has 144,000 businesses dedicated to media. Because of this, media is extremely important in everyday life.Two important aspects of the United States media system that differentiate it from other large media systems are regulation and news reporting. To begin with, regulation in the US is based on democracy. All citizens enjoy the protection of speech under the first amendment which also protects freedom of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. But there is still some regulation. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) controls broadcast stations, amateur radio stations, and repeater stations, just to name a few.These users and stations must obtain and renew an annual license. Also, news stations must operate under licenses for their reporters to report on stories. Overall, the FCC controls six separate areas: broadband, competition, the spectrum (radio), the media, public safety and homeland security. Its main purpose is to promote safety by communicating and publicity. Regulation in the US also strongly affects newspapers and print media. Most newspapers, like broadcast stations, are part of chains that are owned by corporations. Currently, ten different companies own over half of the newspapers in circulation in the US today.Gannett, Knight Rider and Tribune Co. are just a few of those corporations. Since newspapers are owned by powerful companies, there is serious concern that they will gain too much power and influence, but there are no restrictions in place against this. Unlike under the FCC, newspaper journalists only have to be licensed when covering campaigns, the White House, legislatures and sporting events. These journalists are issued credentials as needed. Even though licenses aren’t necessary, journalists face many laws such as those concerning libel and defamation.This prohibits them from publ ishing false statements about people. Also, these journalists face privacy laws. Privacy laws differ between two different people First, AN ALL purpose public figure (Jennifer Aniston), IS someone who chooses to be forced into the public eye, THEY have less protection. Limited purpose public figures (politicians) can choose whether or not to be in the public eye and have slightly more protection. The journalist reporting on these people can be punished if they â€Å"challenge† the privacy of that person.AS FOR CENSORSHIP, luckily, the government is not officially allowed to censor newspapers, magazines, broadcast stations or any other media in the US and there is no censorship agency. News reporting in the US is also very diverse. It has a very strong affect on the government’s policies. MOST PEOPLE CONSIDER THE NEWS REPORTING TO BE A CHECK ON THE GOVERNMENT’S POWER AND A CORRUPTION MONITOR. For example, at the most crucial point during the Vietnam War, the resi gnation of Nixon could be â€Å"directly correlated to the pressure by the media and the news† (Gale).ALSO IT WAS THE INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING OF THE WASHINGTON POST THAT DISCOVERED AND REPORTED THE WATERGATE SCANDAL THAT LED TO THE RESIGNATION OF PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON. (FIND A SOURCE) Currently, there are many news sources, such as newspapers and television. Newspapers subscribe to many varieties of news agencies depending on topic. The Wall Street Journal subscribes to business wires (agencies focusing on business). Bloomberg, Dow Jones, Reuters and Associated Press (AP) are other well known news wires. The Associated Press is the oldest news agency in the world.It is a nonprofit agency which is funded by member subscriptions from over 121 countries. AP transmits data to over one billion people per day (Gale). In addition to newspapers, there are many television news stations. The first news stations were the Detroit News, Kansas City Star, and KDKA. But in 1980, CNN, a li beral news station, was born, and grew into one of the leading news companies in the US. CNN was the first 24 hour news network. Today, Piers Morgan and Anderson Cooper are well known names affiliated with CNN. Today a rival conservative station, Fox News, competes with CNN.Fox has famous correspondents such as Sean Hannity and Mike Huckabee. In addition to these large news stations there is the BBC, Democracy Now and MSNBC and many local news stations that broadcast in over 100 other countries every day. In addition to news stations, there are comedic political shows such as the Daily Show with Jon Stewart and the O’Reilly Factor with Bill O’Reilly. China has a very different culture and media system than the US. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is a large country with about 1. 2 billion people. The most common languages spoken are Chinese and Mandarin. Out of the 1. 2 billion people, 92. % are literate. China has been governed by the Chinese Communist Part y (CCP) since 1949 and is currently under Hu Jintao. The communist rule affects the Chinese media system strongly in many ways. The regulation of the media in China is very extreme. According to the PRC’s Constitution, â€Å"citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration† (Chinese Constitution). But these rights are not guaranteed. The government will not take the chance of being damaged by what the Chinese citizens say. Regulation begins with the CCP.The CCP uses â€Å"central control of the press as a tool for public education, propaganda and mass mobilization towards socialist progress† (Gale). The mass media is not allowed to report any aspect of the Chinese policy making process, or any serious government event for that matter. Media regulation also exists IS DIRECTED THROUGH the Central Propaganda Department. This department deals with censorship from provincial to local township levels. It controls â€Å"state run culture, education, sports, science and technology and media sectors. † Many compare this department with the church in medieval Europe (Westminster. c. uk). It is thought to keep the Chinese away from democracy. Newspapers, Television and Internet are also strongly regulated. All newspapers must be approved by the State Press and Publications Committee. Before the economic reform in 1992, all papers relied on state funding but after, 1/3 of those papers had private funding so they SUPPOSEDLY had freedom of speech—but they are still subject to censorship. Television cable stations are one of the few media sources ARE ALSO not funded by the government. They work off of cable fees. Lastly, the internet is highly regulated.Websites must get qualifications certificates to post any type of information online from sports to news. People who violate these laws may face life in prison. News reporting in China is also very different HEAVILY REGULATED. There is ONLY one CCP mandated news agency called Xinhua News. It has had a monopoly on Chinese news since 1931. Xinhua is comprised of three major departments: domestic, international and the general office (entertainment). They release news daily, weekly and monthly including reports such as Zhongguo Zhengquan (business news and stock market) and Xinhua Meiri Dianxun (general interest report).It is the â€Å"largest and most articulated internal news system in China† (Gale). It is divided into many â€Å"secrecy† groups on a need to know basis. The many levels of the Party bureaucracy control the daily operations of the Xinhua agency. In addition to Xinhua News Agency, China Central Television (CCTV) broadcasts news 24 hours a day in English. Also, an independent magazine called China Now, reports on social, economic and cultural news. In an article about Chinese citizens accessing BBC for the first time, citizens voiced their f rustration of not being able to see western news publications even if they talked about events in China (BBC).There are a few distinct similarities between the media systems of the US and China. First both countries have very high literacy rights, a very high number of newspapers and a equally large land mass to cover. Both countries television stations are not funded through the government and are either privately funded or funded through user fees. Also, both countries have news agencies that reach billions of people. Xinhua focuses on daily reports that are sent to the outside world while CNN has broadcasts in over 100 countries.DESPITE THESE SIMILARITIES, There are many more differences between the US and Chinese media systems, though. China has twice as many television stations as the US although the US has ten times as many radio stations as China. â€Å"Reporters without Borders† ranks the US at 20 and China at 171, a drastic difference Concerning regulation, China doe s not have the guaranteed freedom of speech while the US does and Chinese journalists must be licensed at all times. There is no censorship agency in the US, but in China, the CCP censors every bit of media, making sure it is all favorable to the government.Also, the Chinese Central Propaganda Department deals with censorship and propaganda from local to governmental levels while the US has no such department. The newspapers in China are sometimes government funded while all US newspapers are owned privately by corporations. Concerning news reporting, China only has one main news station (Xinhua) while the US has many (CNN, MSNBC and Fox) ALLOWING FOR HEALTHY COMPETITION. Most political preferences are represented in the US media while only one is represent in China.China and the United States have very distinct media systems that make them very different from one another. China has very strict regulations making their news and print media very biased. The United States has relaxed rules and values the freedom of speech and press, which give the citizens a wide variety of news and media to choose from AND ENSURES THAT INFORMATION IS EASILY AND READILY AVAILABLE. THIS DIFFERENCE SERVES TO PROTECT DEMOCRACY IN THE US WHEREAS IN THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA CENSORSHIP AND CONTROL OVER THE MEDIA PROTECTS THE AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENT OF THE CCP.

Childrens Stories About Being Yourself

Children's Stories About Being Yourself The ancient Greek storyteller Aesop is credited with crafting scores of tales with valuable moral lessons. Many of them still resonate today, including the following tales about being yourself. Pretense Is Only Skin Deep Aesops fables tell us that nature will shine through no matter what package you put it in. Theres no point in pretending to be something youre not because the truth will eventually come out, either by accident or by force. The Cat and Venus. A cat falls in love with a man and begs  Venus to change her into a woman. Venus complies, and the man and cat-woman are married. But when Venus tests her by dropping a mouse into the room, the cat-woman leaps up to chase it. The cat can change her appearance, but not her nature.The Ass in the Lions Skin. A donkey puts on a lions skin and runs around the jungle scaring the other animals. But when he opens his mouth, his bray gives him away.The Vain Jackdaw. Dressing in the discarded feathers of other birds, a jackdaw almost convinces Jupiter to appoint him king of the birds. But the other birds strip him of his disguise and reveal his true nature.The Cat and the Birds. A cat, hearing that the birds are ill, dresses as a doctor and offers his help. The birds, seeing through his disguise, reply that theyre fine and will continue to be so if he will only leave. After all, the birds have a lot more at stake than the cat does. The Dangers of Pretense Aesops fables also warn us that trying to be something youre not can alienate others. The protagonists in these tales end up worse off than if they had just accepted themselves. The Jackdaw and the Doves. A jackdaw paints his feathers white because he likes the looks of the doves food. But they catch on to him and chase him away. When he goes back to eat with the other jackdaws, they don’t recognize his white feathers, so they, too, chase him away. Guess who ends up hungry.The Jay and the Peacock.  This story is similar to The Jackdaw and the Doves, but instead of desiring food, the jay just wants to strut like a proud peacock. The other jays watch the whole thing, disgusted, and refuse to welcome him back.The Eagle and the Jackdaw. A jackdaw, envious of the eagle, tries to behave like one. But without the eagles skills, he gets himself into a sticky situation and ends up as a pet for children, his wings clipped.The Raven and the Swan. A raven who wants to be as beautiful as a swan becomes so obsessed with cleansing his feathers that he moves away from his food source and starves to death. Oh, and his feathers stay black.The Ass and the Grasshopper.   This story is similar to The Raven and the Swan. A donkey, hearing some grasshoppers chirping, jumps to the conclusion that their voices must be a result of their diet. He resolves to eat nothing but dew, and consequently starves. Be Yourself Aesop also has a host of fables designed to demonstrate that we should all be resigned to our station in life and not aspire to anything greater. Foxes should be subservient to lions. Camels shouldnt try to be cute like monkeys. Monkeys shouldnt try to learn to fish. A donkey should put up with a terrible master because he could always have an even worse one.  These arent great lessons for modern children. But Aesops stories about avoiding pretense (and not starving yourself for beauty) still seem relevant today.

Free Essays on Hilter

One reason the people of Germany accepted Hitler’s orders willingly and without question was beause it was what they wanted to hear. At the time the depression set in they were looking for a scapegoat for all of their problems, and Hitler gave it to them in the form of the Jew’s, gypsies, and other minorities. He blamed all the economic and social troubles on these groups, even going so far as to say that they caused Germany to lose the first world war. Another reason they let themselves be so easily persuaded by Hitler was because his policy of aggression and rearmament created the jobs he needed to fuel Germany’s growing war machine. With his gaining of chancellorship and then the death of von Hindinberg, he was in total control, and the people were at the mercy of his will. They thought that as long as they were doing well, what does it matter if a few others are tortured in the process? Another factor that helped Hitler gain control of the people was the hars hness that the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. The German people so resented it that when Hitler offered them a way out of it, they followed him blindly, not aware or not caring of the consequences. They must have felt pretty stupid the the â€Å"thousand year reign† of Hitler’s Germany lasted only 12 short years.... Free Essays on Hilter Free Essays on Hilter One reason the people of Germany accepted Hitler’s orders willingly and without question was beause it was what they wanted to hear. At the time the depression set in they were looking for a scapegoat for all of their problems, and Hitler gave it to them in the form of the Jew’s, gypsies, and other minorities. He blamed all the economic and social troubles on these groups, even going so far as to say that they caused Germany to lose the first world war. Another reason they let themselves be so easily persuaded by Hitler was because his policy of aggression and rearmament created the jobs he needed to fuel Germany’s growing war machine. With his gaining of chancellorship and then the death of von Hindinberg, he was in total control, and the people were at the mercy of his will. They thought that as long as they were doing well, what does it matter if a few others are tortured in the process? Another factor that helped Hitler gain control of the people was the hars hness that the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. The German people so resented it that when Hitler offered them a way out of it, they followed him blindly, not aware or not caring of the consequences. They must have felt pretty stupid the the â€Å"thousand year reign† of Hitler’s Germany lasted only 12 short years....

Business Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Practices - Essay Example While reviewing the work organization in the Company, one should ask themselves: why is the job organized in that manner Will that organization of the work help to meet the needs of the client as well as satisfy the staff responsible for it Are the installed step and operations in the job organization necessary or are there more appropriate approaches of having the job done better In most cases, individuals don't perceive the work operations, more so the connections between the job or operation they are carrying on with and other people's job. Getting all the people working in a certain process together assists in making them elaborate their step in the bigger operation hence able to design together a core sketch of the working operations of the whole process flow. According to USAID, getting a visual image of the real flow of the operation and making comparison with the ideal process indicates the step that is missing in the whole process. This still can show that there are some more crucial steps that can help have a job done better. It also shows that a certain process might be making a bottleneck. This process can be employed to indicate the steps that usually confuse staff or posse some limitations to getting services by the clients. The same way, it would show the tasks which are not assigned efficiently as well as the ones which have no mechanisms to give reassignment of the job to a different worker especially when the staff workers responsible for it are not present. Bringing the staff together also assist in sharing individual's best practices which could be more openly used. This kind of approach would assist the management to start thinking and transforming job organization and operations. That way the manager can employ several tools to address the particular elements of the job operation. Managing the required Change Making improvements in work organization basically demands that individuals and companies understand and transform. One of the common models for transformation management includes 8-step by approach which can be employed to the job organization. Creating the sense of urgency USAID asserts that, one of the most appropriate ways to manage change is to create a sense of urgency in the company. In most cases urgency is derived from the external environment of the organization. His helps the job organization to adopt methods that can reduce time wastage, minimize waste, and perform jobs in a better way as well as finding fresh and better approach of doing things. Creating a powerful guiding partnership Every staff member within the organization needs to take part in the transformation process. They are the ones who understand the operations of the organization better than other people in the company. The staff has the most appropriate applicable ideas regarding the ways to improve their job as well as installing the necessary changes. Vision creation. This makes the individuals affected to see the need for the transformation and appreciate the benefits it will bring to their work. They would be more willing to adopt the change if they see the compelling reason as well as the expected benefit. Communicate the vision to the staff The management ought to persuade and motivate

Action Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Action Research Proposal - Essay Example The ELP program will be executed once a week for three hours for one semester in collaboration with teachers who are trained to provide a family atmosphere to the students. The trained ELP staff will take every opportunity in and out of classrooms to follow up on the students and to coordinate with their classroom teachers as to student behavior and to guide them accordingly in the formation of their character and developing good school habits. ELP teachers shall be in regular communication with parents, counselors, administrators and non-ELP teachers to monitor each student’s progress. Results will indicate if the ELP program is effective in motivating the students to stay in school and prevent dropping out. Adolescence is a very trying time in a person’s life. It is when an individual struggles to establish his own identity in the face of changes and challenges that come his way. High school freshmen are vulnerable to a lot of adjustments. Not only are they adjusting to physical changes, but also emotional and social changes as well. For some, there is more to it than the usual adjustment to change, as some factors gravely affect their school performance. Research has unearthed information that school drop out rates are mostly coming from the population of high school freshmen. A large suburban school district in the United States was the community selected for study. This school district has more than 100 schools and serves close to 90,000 students annually (Zvoch, 2006). School enrollment is composed of large numbers of White and Latino students. The usual composition of the student population is approximately 46% Latino, 44% White, 4% American Indian, 3% African American, 2% Asian and 1% other (Zvoch, 2006). This district also serves many economically disadvantaged and language minority students (Zvoch, 2006). 15% of the students are

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum Coursework - 14

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum - Coursework Example Our entire organization was sealed in a way for the safety precaution purpose. Along with my team, especial health team was also overlooking the patient’s case. We were either prohibited to approach the patient unnecessarily. When I and my team went to give the initial treatment to the patient, then I examine that it might not be small pox. I immediately inform my leader to run some blood tests, before beginning the small pox precaution treatment. My leader humiliated me, and disagreed. Patient’s condition was not getting better with the given treatment. His condition was getting more critical. I hardly managed to conduct some tests of patient, to come up with a proof. I presented the tests result to my leader with a proof that, it is some other skin allergy containing identical signs of small pox. I asked my leader to agree with my observation, trust and stop the wrong medical treatment. On getting the patient worst, my leader eventually gave importance to my evaluatio n and made the especial health control team to cope up with me. As soon as the treatment given to the patient was replaced, it confirmed the misjudgment of small pox taken by my leader. Patient’s overall condition got stable and in control. Patient had some other skin disease, which was absolutely treatable. I was glad that my leader put down his stubbornness for a while, by giving the significance to my experience so far. That was the time, I really felt myself well acknowledged and educated in my working field. Leader can’t always be right. Sometimes the situations come across, which could probably mislead a leader’s examination over his team members. By doing the right thing at the right time, we as a team were successful in saving the life of our patient. Our organization was unsealed, and the inside working was switch onto usual. The outcome which can be taken by this experience is that, humility is

Tides and Times Essay Example for Free

Tides and Times Essay Time is like an ocean bed with each passing tides brings something new, Tides and Times is an article about the history that affected our generation, people that continue to inspire for as long as we can remember. Fernandez mentioned historical people who shape and influence his life and how any person can make big changes no matter how small his/her accomplished. He state that any person can be part of history, can pass something down to the next generation and should never be ashamed of what we did. Fernandez was saying that change is part of nature and let change be part of our life just people we met change our lives how they affect us and to it to others. Do what you do best be proud of who you are no matter what people say not matter what the situation are. We are not like the people on the books, articles and in the past maybe we can never be like them but what really matter is what we can do in our times to show our spark. The article discuss Jose Rizal about how he was one in a million how he try to avoid revolution at any cost that he was able to fulfill his dreams despite his hardship even at the cost of his life. Even people who wanted to good but ended up failing, Alfred Nobel created the dynamite so that people would fear the power of other countries and stop fighting but only ending up creating more fight between the nations and was named as the merchant of death even after all that Alfred continue to do and search what he could do for mankind. People do great things that no other would do and we record those things in spite of that why? We continue to search for better and amazing things we do it because we are not condiment is because we want to not for us but for the world. Sometimes we do even know that people made a big change in our lives we need to know what did that person do and how did it affects us thousands of people come and go their all part of us.

Defining Drug Addiction

Defining Drug Addiction Sweet Jesus, Aunt Bettyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the white ladys riding a white horse. Heroin, heroin à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ heroin and heroin, these are all slang words for one thing, heroin. It is back in full force. Heroin used to be predominantly used by poor, urban youth, but in recent years, it has grown more popular in the middle class, and affects suburban people of all ages. It is here and it is in your neighborhood. There is no one single causal change for drug abuse. A range of individual, family, social, environmental and other risk factors have been identified. Males are more likely to use illicit drugs at earlier ages than females, and more prone to use them to try to cope with problems (Spooner, 1999). Individuals who struggle with personality disorders often have trouble dealing with others. They often tend to be solemn in nature and almost unbendable in their ways and unable to manage change well. This causes an inability to respond to the normal changes and demands of living. People with personality disorders often feel that they are normal, but tend to have a narrow view of life. They find it exceedingly difficult to participate in the routine daily activities of living. The repercussions of drug abuse are vast yet all encompassing and affect people of all ages. Treatment is the only answer regardless of whether one chooses to become a drug addict or it is, as believed, a disease. This paper will explore the psychology of addiction and examine the relevant research, and psychological theories as it pertains to the issues of drug addiction and propose two solutions to address this problem with a final solution being chosen by the writer, as the best course of action for addicted individuals. Defining Drug Addiction: The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines addiction as a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite the harmful effects to the user and to those around them. It is a brain disease because it actually changes the structure of the brain and the way in which is functions. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) released a new definition of addiction last year, stating, in part that addiction is a chronic brain disorder and not simply a behavioral problem. For the first time, the ASAM has taken an official position that addiction is not solely related to behaviors and lack of control. The actual short definition reads as follows: Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors. Addiction is characterized by the inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, and craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with ones behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death (Definition of Addiction (2011, April 19). While the decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, the brain then changes over time, and those changes challenge a persons self-control and ability to resist the urge to use. This is why addiction classifies as a brain disease; the drug actually changes the brains structure and the way in which it functions. These changes can be long lasting and lead to harmful behaviors in people who abuse drugs (National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011). Because of these changes, quitting is often difficult for those that are ready try, and it often takes more than one attempt. Addiction can occur despite a persons strength of character and once it occurs, repeated use changes the delicate and complex systems of the brain. According to Drs. N. Volkow and H. Schelbert, of NIDA, the brain imaging studies from drug-addicted individuals show actual physical changes in those areas of the brain critical to judgment, decision-making, learning, memory, and behavior c ontrol. This is just another reason why researchers believe that these changes alter the actual function of the brain and may help to explain the compulsive, destructive behaviors, which go along with addiction. Drugs of abuse contain chemicals, which actually tap into the brains communication system and actually disrupt the way nerve cells normally send, receive and process information. There are at least two ways that this disruption happens: by imitating the brains natural chemical messengers and by over stimulating the reward circuit of the brain (National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011). misc_volkow.gif Image: National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse. Repeated drug exposure changes brain function. Positron emission tomography (PET) images are illustrated showing similar brain changes in dopamine receptors resulting from addiction to different substances cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, or heroin. The striatum (which contains the reward and motor circuitry) shows up as bright red and yellow in the controls (in the left column), indicating numerous dopamine D2 receptors. Conversely, the brains of addicted individuals (in the right column) show a less intense signal, indicating lower levels of dopamine D2 receptors (Volkow, N. D. (Medical Imaging Scan). (2012). PET Images of Brain Changes after Repeated Drug Exposure). Reduced dopamine production eventually leaves the user incapable of feeling any sense of pleasure, even from the drugs that feed the addiction. Scientists can now visualize this, in the above scan, the lack of dopamine receptors do not show up as bright red and yellow in the right column as they do on the left, in the control group. Drugs of abuse also affect the regions of the brain that help to control desires and emotions which results in a lack of control, and leads the addict to pursue the drug compulsively despite the lack of pleasure produced. Researchers in China at the Mental Health Institute also conducted an imaging study to investigate the gray matter volume in 20 former IV heroin users at three days after abstinence, and again at one month after abstinence. They also used 20 normal subjects used as the control group. They found that at the three-day mark, decreased gray matter density was found in the frontal cortex and occipital regions of the brain but at the one-month mark, there were no significant differences in those regions in the brains of the heroin addicts and the control group. While this was a small study and would need to be replicated in a larger group, what they found was that the changes occurring in the brain were, at least in part, reversible. They had initially, based on previous studies, hypothesized that the heroin dependent subject would have decreased gray matter density permanently (Wang X., 2012). Understanding the Addicted Brain: Illicit drugs (drugs), the term used to describe drugs which are under international control and that are produced, trafficked and/or consumed illicitly(UNODC: Information about drugs, 2012), use affects every part of the brain and its functioning. Drugs and alcohol interfere with the exchange of information in your brain, which actually produce changes that promote drug use. Just seeing a drug or its paraphernalia can bring anticipatory pleasure. This paper will identify just a few of the parts that are affected. The addicted brain is distinctly different from the non-addicted brain, as manifested by changes in metabolic activity, receptor availability, gene expression, and responsiveness to environmental cues. The activation of the brains reward system seems to be the common element in what hooks individuals on drugs. Drugs alter the central nucleus of the almond shaped part of the brain, known as the amygdala. The amygdala has a key function in the acute reinforcing actions of drugs of abuse. The amygdala is a part of the limbic system and is responsible for regulating emotions, fear and pleasure (Koob Volkow, 2009). Drugs also alter the part of the brain involved in impulse control, the prefrontal cortex, which makes it more difficult for addicts to resist taking drugs. This finding may help to explain why adolescents are more susceptible to addiction the prefrontal cortex does not become fully developed until people reach their mid-20s. The brain becomes used to these changes caused by the drug and begins altering its normal production and release of neurotransmitters (Harryman, 2011). The addict begins to lose control and has difficulty limiting drug intake, the need to consume becomes compulsive because the drug has affected the regions of the brains controlling impulse, craving and behavior. The individual is addicted. Initially, interfering with this system makes the user feel good but it leads to seeking the behaviors, which give pleasure at any cost. Chronic drug use causes changes in the structure and function of the neurons that can last for years, even after the user is clean. These changes to the brains structure and functions over time actually reduce the pleasurable effects of the drugs but also increase the cravings resulting in a destructive spiral. Scientists are learning how genetics and environmental factors, like stress, contribute to these neural disruptions and increase the risk of addiction. This ongoing research is allowing researchers to understand how addictive substances affect the brains reward system, and allowing for the development of more effective therapies for treating addiction. When a person takes an addictive drug, from nicotine to heroin, chemicals travel swiftly through the blood stream into certain key brain regions known as the reward system, the nucleus accumbens, which regulates the ability to feel pleasure. With continued drug use, the circuitry of this system becomes flooded with dopamine. Dopamine, a brain chemical, or neurotransmitter, activates specific sites on brain cells called receptors to increase pleasure and reward. Over time, the brain adjusts to the excess dopamine by decreasing the number of dopamine receptors and the overall amount of dopamine in the brain. Users must then consume more and more of the drug to achieve the same high. Disruption to the brains reward system is only part of the reason why drug addictions are so difficult to overcome, and why relapses can occur even after years of abstinence. Neuroscientists have also discovered drugs alter connections in brain circuits that regulate learning and memory, causing strong associations between the drugs pleasurable sensation and the circumstances under which it is taken. In fact, scientist are beginning to postulate that the whole action surrounding the getting high, is just as addictive than the actual drug itself. The rush for the addict often comes from pursuit of the activity. Drug addicts tend to be risk takers and thrill seekers and expect to have a pleasurable reaction to their substance of abuse before they use it. Some experts in the field of addiction today prefer the term addictive behaviors, to addiction. The biological, psychological, and social processes by which addictions occur have common pathways. All addictions have roots in genetic pr edispositions and biological traits. Many in the field say that addictions have characteristics in common and so do addicts. Regardless of the source of addiction, the effects are mainly concentrated in the brain: physically, chemically, and psychologically affecting emotions and energy levels. Addicts have distinct preferences for one substance over another and for how they go about using the substance they abuse. Many addicts have problems with self-regulation and impulse control, they tend to use drugs as a coping strategy in dealing with both stress and their everyday lives in general. They do not seek a way to escape so much, but more as a way to manage their lives. Heroin The Sequel: Across the nation, heroin use is increasing at an alarming rate and affecting a surprising population, kids in the suburbs. Heroin is a highly addictive drug and the most rapidly acting of the opiate class. The kids in the cities know not to touch it but it seems that message never made it to the kids in the suburbs. The biggest connection seems to be between prescription painkillers and heroin. The opiate high that kids get from drugs such as OxyCodone is much like the one that they get from heroin use. The kicker is that heroin is much cheaper and more easily obtained and the high is more intense. A small bag of heroin is cheaper than a six-pack of beer in some places and is estimated to be 15 times purer than it was in the 1970s. The increased purity means that it is easier for users to it. Many teens have a mistaken idea that snorting the drug makes them less likely to become addicted to it. Kids are going to believe that this is not a problem, and parents are going to continue t o leave their prescription opioids unattended if they dont know about the risks, said Wesley Clark, director of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment at the Department of Health and Human Services (Drug Enforcement Agency, 2012). According to the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the number of current (past-month) heroin users aged 12 or older in the U.S. increased from 153,000 in 2007 to 213,000 in 2008. There were 114,000 first-time users of heroin aged 12 or older in 2008. This number keeps climbing (National Institutes of Health, 2010). heroin_use_2009.png Image from National Institutes of Health Like most parents in upper-middle class neighborhoods, parents do not realize that there is a problem out there and continue to leave their prescriptions out and unmonitored. Heroin used to be used by predominantly poor, urban youth, read: black. In recent years, it is growing more popular in the middle class suburban areas, read: white. In truth, close to 90% of teen heroin addicts are white (Department of Drug Enforcement, 2012). In 2010, there were 140,000 persons aged 12 or older who had used heroin for the first time within the past 12 months. This estimate was similar to the estimate in 2009 (180,000) and to estimates during 2002 to 2008 (ranging from 91,000 to 118,000 per year). The average age at first use among recent initiates aged 12 to 49 was 21.3 years, significantly lower than the 2009 estimate (25.5 years) (National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2011). Heroins most important ingredient is morphine. Morphine is derived from the sap of the Papaver somniferum, the scientific name for the opium poppy. Afghanistan is the number one opium poppy producer in the world, and supplies more than 90% of the worlds opium. poppy.gif seedpod.jpg The opium poppy, papaver somniferum and the seed pod, showing the exudates/sap. Image: Morphine Heroin. It would not be a far stretch to think that the war in Afghanistan and the increase in heroin use in the United States are somehow related. According to a CNN news report, there have been eight Americans who have died from overdoses involving heroin, morphine or other opiates in Afghanistan from 2010 to 2011. These overdoses were revealed in documents that showed that the Army had officially investigated 56 soldiers, including the eight that died, on suspicion of possession, use and distribution of heroin and other opiates. Heroin use is on the rise in the Army overall, military statistics show that the number of soldiers testing positive for heroin has increased from ten in 2002 to 116 in 2010. Army officials did not respond to questions, but official records from the Criminal Investigation Command show how soldiers bought drugs from Afghan juveniles. The report also reveals that soldier lingo for the drug is Afghan dip(CNN, Martinez, M., 2012). USA Today, reported that medical offi cials estimated that 25% to 35% of about 10,000 ailing soldiers assigned to special wounded-care companies or battalions are addicted or dependent on drugs particularly prescription narcotic pain relievers, according to an Army inspector generals report made public in January of 2011(CNN, Retterbush, T., 2012) Since the US Invasion of Afghanistan, the heroin output has increased over 5000 percent, according to Glenn Greenway of the Drug Truth Network. Immediately following the 2001 invasion, opium prices spiraled and by 2002, the opium price was almost ten times higher than in 2000, the United Nations Office of Drug Control (UNODC) acknowledged. Heroin use in the United States and Europe are at epidemic proportions (CNN, Retterbush, T., 2012). In East Alton, there have been twelve heroin overdoses before the year is even half over. This places the county on track for a record number of heroin overdoses. This places the county on track for a record number of heroin overdoses. Fatalities from all drug overdoses are currently at 22 cases for 2011 (Occaisionalplanet.org, Mike Davis, 2011). East Alton is a Village, with a U.S. Census total population of 6,301 in 2010. There have been so many documented cases of drug activity in the community, the Police Department has now made a form available online to citizens so that they may anonymously report a house suspected in or near their neighborhood, or any suspected drug activity (Village of East Alton, 2012). Fatalities from all drug overdoses are currently at 22 cases for 2011. The US is not alone in this epidemic, Russia estimates that one in every 50 people of working age is addicted to heroin. South Wales has seen a jump of 180% in heroin addiction rates. In 2008, the European Union, (EU) estimated that a young European died every hour from a drug overdose. What is the cause for this epidemic across the planet? Last year, Russia publicly blamed the US and NATO for refusing to eradicate poppy production by US allied warlords, resulting in an estimated 30,000 heroin deaths in Russia in a single year. The US Congressional Research Service estimates that Afghanistan currently accounts for 90% of the worlds illicit opium (the essential ingredient of all narcotics) supply. Opium revenues for Afghanistan are equivalent to 7% of the licit GDP for the nation with 10% of the population actively participating. According to the progressive online news site, Occasional Planet, the ultimate cause of the heroin epidemic destroying much of the world and local youth is the Afghanistan war and the shortsighted policies involved there. This flood of heroin is a direct result of the war efforts. afghanistan-drug-chart.jpg Image taken from occasionalplanet.org Theorists and Theories Applied: The most common type of dual diagnosis is a connection between a mental or personality disorder and a substance abuse disorder such as alcoholism or drug addiction. The reason that these two disorders go hand in hand is that drug addiction and alcohol addiction are often caused by depression, anxiety and other personality disorders. According to researchers at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Department of Psychiatry, using drugs or alcohol to reduce emotional distress or self-medicating is common among people with mood disorders and the general population as a whole. Researchers found that 24.1 percent of people used drugs or alcohol to relieve their symptoms. In essence, the people knew they had mental illnesses, and they took drugs and alcohol in order to make those symptoms less palpable. By taking drugs and adding dopamine to their systems, they were able to mask their mental illness symptoms. Dual diagnosis is should be the expectation and not the exception. Dr. Marvin Zuckerman, at the University of Delaware, has conducted research on an aspect of personality that he calls sensation seeking. This trait has large hereditary components. Zuckerman describes sensation seeking as a desire for varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experience, and the willingness to take physical, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experiences. His theory points out that those identified as antisocial risk takers are usually drug addicts. Zuckermans theory has commonsense appeal. It is easy to accept the idea that people differ in their need for excitement and risk, change and adventure. During an interview with BigThink.com, Mr. Zuckerman had this to say in response to a question posed by the interviewer: Question: Are risk-seekers more prone to becoming addicted to drugs? Marvin Zuckerman: Well, there are four types of risk taking which form the core you might say, smoking, drinking, drugs and sex. Now you can see three of those are substance abusers, and they act through the central nervous system. They act on centers in the central nervous system that give intrinsic pleasure. Particularly stimulant drugs like cocaine. They provide pleasure. They provide the kick that activities provide, as sex provides, for the sensation seeker. They are all correlated because they are all aspects of intensity seeking sensation and the novelty too. There is a difference, for instance, in drug users between those who are high sensation seekers and those that are low. I found this out when I was treating drug abusers. The low sensation well the average sensation-seeking drug abuser tries one drug, which he enjoys particularly and sticks to it. The lows try many different drugs. So, invariably they get into odd drugs like LSD that affect their minds as well as they provide unusual sensations as well as arousal, the lows stay away from those drugs. Question: What is a specific link between high sensation seeking and drug use? Marvin Zuckerman: You find for instance that high sensation seekers there are not many men, who love war and combat, but there are a few, there are some who really find that exciting and will re-volunteer simply because they are bored with military life outside of combat. In addition, there are various substances, which are interesting as they stimulate the same sensors that are stimulated by intense and novel external stimulation. Drugs do that more directly, particularly drugs like cocaine. Control theory, or Perceptual Control Theory (PCT), takes a different path, it view variability at the essence of behavior. The heart of control theory is that the organisms control and what they control is not behavior at all but perception(Powers M. A., 2005 (1994)). To put it simply, behavior is the control of perception(Powers W. T., 2009). According to Bill Powers, the developer of PCT, the living thing is in the drivers seat, driving the car. The control theorist would say that deviance arises when the adolescent/young adult, lack sufficient ties with conventional groups, such as family, schools and religious organizations; the alienation from those prevailing values that those groups instill are associated with drug use. This lack of social bonding has been found to be predictive of early or frequent drug use and resistance to traditional authority and normlessness(Spooner, 1999). Raymond L. Calabrese offers a definition of alienation in general, as the relationship of individuals to their environment and specifically, it describes the relationship in terms of isolation, meaninglessness, normlessness and powerlessness (pg. 14). This and other personality traits have been found to be associated with drug abuse. Self-efficacy is the concept that lies at the center of Albert Banduras Social Cognitive Theory. Self-efficacy is the belief in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations (Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies, Bandura, 1995, p. 2). Bandura also mentions that developing strong self-efficacy is through mastery experiences ((Fletcher, 2003). These experiences are a double-edged sword. If completed, they improve ones self-efficacy. If failed, they weaken it. Individuals with low self-efficacy often abandon their goals at the first signs of even a minor obstacle. They tend to have all-or-nothing patterns of thinking. There is no room for being human, nor the possibility for mistakes. According to Caron, a non-profit provider of drug and alcohol treatment in PA, current statistics show relapse rates for addictive diseases usually are in the range of 50% to 90%; however, these rates vary by definition of relapse, severity of addi ction, which drug of addiction, length of treatment, and elapsed time from treatment discharge to assessment, as well as other factors. SAMHSA, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration regularly collect and publish this information. According to supporters of Addictive Personality theory, a distinct trait predisposes individuals to addictions. Much of the established medical community does not accept addictive personality as a diagnosis used to explain why some people become addicted to alcohol, drugs, activities or even emotions. Stephen Mason, PhD, said in his article Look at it this way in Psychology Today, A major misconception involving addiction is the idea that certain substances are, all by themselves, addicting. He goes on to add, Addiction depends, first and foremost, upon having an addictive personality. Such people, estimated at perhaps 10%-15% of the population, simply do not know when to stop. The nature and existence of this trait is still hotly debated in medical, neurobiological and psychological communities, there are definite implications in the brain that contribute to addictions. Dr. Alan Leshner, PhD of the National Institute on Drug Abuse describes addictions instead as a brain disease and a chronic relapsing disease, in that there are visible alterations in the brains of addicts and the effects are long lasting within their neurological patterns. Dr. Leshner also addresses the types of addiction and substance abuse that are often accredited to the addictive personality. He explains that there are two primary forms of addiction, one being the substance-based, the second being behavior-based. The substance-based addictions such as to alcohol, nicotine, narcotics are more easily explained and can be identified neurologically. Certain drugs like crack and heroin cause massive dopamine surges in the brain with different sensations ranging from invincibility or strength to euphoria or perceived enlightened states. The use of these substances almost immediately changes particular aspects of the brains behavior, making most individuals immediately susceptible to future abuse and addiction. Also common is the behavioral aspect of addictions. These are not easily explained neurologically, but generally are included in the addiction susceptibility characterized by the personality trait (Leshner, 2001). Moreover, combined addictions, addictions that include both the substance as well as the behavior are also common. The physical act of indulging in the steps involved and repetitive behavior essentially succeeds at making the invisible, visible. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, (CBT), is the method used by many today as a single source method for helping people get over emotional upsets in their lives. This type of therapy gives them the tools needed should they arise again. CBT teaches people how to change the way they think about things. In issues of addiction, the goal is to teach the person to recognize situations in which they are most likely to use, and identify situations that make them more vulnerable. It teaches them to avoid these circumstances if possible, and how to cope with other problems and behaviors which may lead to their substance abuse. CBT has two main components, functional analysis in which the therapist and client work together to identify the feelings, and give the client insight into what led to their abuse in the first place. The second component is skills training. The goal is to get the person to learn or re-learn better coping skills. This is achieved through a process of unlearning old habits and learning and developing healthier skills and habits. The main premises are to educate, to identify and to change. Some therapist mix different orientations and teachings. They are eclectic in their therapy styles, and pick and choose from different orientations. This pick and choose method is probably the most controversial style as it is, more often than not, of no benefit to the client and may be detrimental. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, (REBT) was formulated in the 1950s by Dr. Albert Ellis. REBT and CBT are similar but slightly different approaches to psychotherapy. REBT teaches that outside elements, the world around you, do not create emotions but the interactions with such and the beliefs and expectations, which we hold which give rise to the emotions we feel. When your beliefs become rigid, then emotional disturbance is the result. REBT teaches clients to modify the belief so that it is not so rigid and therefore less likely to create emotional upset. Example of rigid beliefs Everyone should agree with me and when that is modified, it becomes It would be nice if everyone agreed wi th me, but I realize that not everyone will. REBT is based on the premise that whenever we become upset, it is not the events taking place in our lives that upset us; it is the beliefs that we hold that cause us to become depressed, anxious, enraged, etc. Immediate Short Term Effects of Heroin: Soon after using, abusers report feeling a surge of pleasurable sensations, the rush. The intensity of this rush depends on how much of the drug is taken and how quickly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. One of the reasons why heroin is so addictive is because of the speed at which it enters the brain. The effects of heroin are almost immediate and last typically, from three to five hours. This rush is accompanied by a warm flushing sensation, dry mouth, slight nausea, itching, and a heavy feeling in the extremities (AstriCon 2012: Hooked on heroin: Dane Countys deadliest drug, 2010). Some users report that they enter a dream-like state where nothing matters, they equate this to bliss (Weyant, 2012). The user may also experience severe nausea, vomiting, and severe itching, which is usually the case with first use. I got so sick the first time I banged up (injected), I actually puked but then right after that, this warm feeling came all over me and w ow, I was gone. It was like this warm, rolling orgasm but it was my whole body. I cant explain it, this is so weird talking about this with you, but you asked. Sometimes I still get sick but thats when I know its good dope, you dont mind vomiting behind smack (Weyant, 2012). After this initial rush, abusers usually will be drowsy for several hours, they call this getting a nod on (Weyant, 2012). Mental function is clouded by heroins effect on the central nervous system. Cardiac function slows, and breathing is severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. The goal of the addict is to recreate this rush, but with each use it becomes harder and harder to obtain. It is never like the first time, no matter how much I do. Mom, its like this Its an identity, vocation, and pastime, a lover, master, and my best friend. It makes me sick sitting here admitting all of this to you but it is what it is. Heroin is just everything to every addict, all the time. (Weyant, 2012). This is the vic ious cycle of addiction. 5522_2 brain_nih.gif Brain on Drugs. Image: National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse Heroin Hits Home Heroin has killed more people in Dane County than any other drug in the past five